Repeatability of infrared ocular thermography in assessing healthy and dry eyes

Tan, Li; Sanjay, Srinivasan; Morgan, Philip B.

doi:10.1016/j.clae.2016.01.010

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…OST was recorded using NEC TH9260 thermo tracer using a previously-described method which has been shown to be repeatable when assessing healthy and dry eyes [21]. Six temperature metrics was used which related to the temperature of the extreme nasal conjunctiva (T4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Informed consent was obtained from each subject at study enrolment. The inclusion criteria for the dry eye subjects were as described previously [21]: use of tear replacement therapy and had either a fluorescein tear break-up time of 10 sec or less [22], or a Schirmer I test result of less than 10 mm in 5 min [12] along with presence of corneal or conjunctiva staining. All dry eye patients were screened and diagnosed by an ophthalmologist at Khoo Tech Puat Hospital eye clinic prior to starting the study.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects with any anterior ocular anomalies (e.g. current ocular infection, allergy or ptosis), those undergone surgery or taking any medication that could affect the tear film or who were currently pregnant or breastfeeding were also excluded [21].…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic Ability of Conventional Dry Eye Tests and their Correlation with Ocular Surface Temperature

Tan¹,

Morgan²

2016

J Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Objective: To study the diagnostic ability of conventional dry eye tests and their correlation with ocular surface temperature (OST) and derive the best combined objective tests for dry eye. Methods:This was a single visit study included a few conventional dry eye tests on 62 dry eye and 82 control subjects: symptom evaluation, fluorescein break-up time (FBUT), corneal epithelial staining (CES), non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT) and tear meniscus height (TMH). OST was recorded using NEC TH9260 thermo tracer and six temperature metrics of the extreme nasal conjunctiva was studied including the temperature 10 seconds after eye opening (T4-10). Diagnostic ability was assessed by calculating sensitivity and specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC). Results:No correlation (Pearson's coefficient, -0.203 to 0.209; p>0.05) was found between Mscore, Scount, FBUT and CES with any of the temperature metrics. However, CES correlated significantly with TMH (r=0.276; p=0.030) and inversely correlated significantly with FBUT (r=-0.258; p=0.043). Values of Mscore at 8 were found to give sensitivity of 87.1% (95% CI: 76.2 to 94.3%) and specificity of 92.7% (84.8 to 97.3%). Values of Scount at 1 were found to give sensitivity of 93.6% (84.3 to 98.2%) and specificity of 65.9% (54.6 to 76.0%). Values of FBUT at 2 s were found to give sensitivity of 58.1% (44.9 to 70.5%) and specificity of 87.8% (78.7 to 94.0%). Values of CES at grade 2 were found to give sensitivity of 71% (58.1 to 81.8%) and specificity of 59.8% (48.3 to 70.4%). Combining CES with T4-10 (series) had increased the AUC to 78% with sensitivity and specificity of 92.3% and 42.7% respectively. Conclusion:This work validated the ability of Mscore, Scount, FBUT and CES in diagnosing dry eye and further confirmed the discordance between its signs and symptoms. Combining CES with T4-10 (series) can be future objective tests for dry eye.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic Ability of Conventional Dry Eye Tests and their Correlation with Ocular Surface Temperature

Tan¹,

Morgan²

2016

J Clin Exp Ophthalmol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Considering the number of published articles using thermal imaging, few reported the reliability of image analysis [e.g. 28,29]. Recently, Silva, Castro, Carvalho, Chaves, Ruela and Iunes [18] reported excellent interrater and intrarater reliability of foot skin temperature analysis but given the lack of information regarding the ROIs, the skin temperature value that was extracted to be analysed (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin temperature of the foot: Reliability of infrared image analysis based in the angiosome concept

Seixas

Azevedo

Pimenta

et al. 2018

Infrared Physics & Technology

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Studies reporting the reliability of image analysis when assessing skin temperature of the foot are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the interrater and intrarater reliability of the analysis of foot skin temperature based on the angiosome concept and the association between skin temperature differences and the differences in size of the ROIs. Methodology: Thermograms from 26 feet were analysed by two independent assessors and each assessor analysed the same images on different occasions. Mean temperature values of each of the six ROIs were extracted for analysis. Relative reliability was assessed by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) measures and absolute reliability was assessed using Bland and Altman agreement measures and standard error of measurement (SEM). The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between the skin temperature differences and the differences in size of the ROIs in the interrater and intrarater analysis. Results: The ICC values evidenced excellent interrater and intrarater reliability with the 95% confidence intervals (CI) ranging between 0.962 and 1.000 and the SEM ranged between 0.00°C and 0.36°C. The mean absolute difference (bias) between the measurements ranged between 0.002°C and 0.117°C and small to moderate associations between the differences in skin temperature and the difference in the number of pixels were identified. Conclusion: The excellent interrater and intrarater reliability measures suggest that the methodology of analysis was reliable and may be used in research and clinical settings. Although statistical significant associations between the skin temperature differences and the differences in size of the ROIs were found, the magnitude of the skin temperature differences between assessments and between assessors (0.02-0.17°C) is not clinically relevant.

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“…Other indices such as temperature differences between differential zones of the cornea, limbal temperature or temperature of the conjunctiva have been used in differentiating between DED and healthy subjects 68. The geometric centre of the cornea, mean OST, extreme or mid-temporal/nasal conjunctiva, temporal/nasal conjunctiva, minimum or maximum temperature of the ocular surface had lower inter-image repeatability measured using coefficient of repeatability (COR): (%COR: 0.2–0.9), interoccasion variability (%COR: 2.1–3.7) and interexaminer variability (%COR: 1.5–3.7) than other indices such as temperature SD of the ocular surface and radial temperature difference, which had a much larger inter-image variability (%COR: 8.9–140.7), interoccasion variability (%COR: 47.5–153.5) and interexaminer variability (%COR: 54.7–142.0) 68. The static OST measurements have higher discriminating ability in identifying DED than the dynamic measurements which study the temperature change over time 69.…”

Section: Imaging Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in dry eye imaging: the present and beyond

et al. 2017

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New advances in imaging allow objective measurements for dry eye as well as define new parameters that cannot be measured by clinical assessment alone. A combination of these modalities provides unprecedented information on the static and dynamic properties of the structural and functional parameters in this multifactorial disease. A literature search was conducted to include studies investigating the use of imaging techniques in dry eye disease. This review describes the application of non-invasive tear breakup time, optical coherence tomography, meibomian gland imaging, interferometry, in vivo confocal microscopy, thermography and optical quality assessment for this condition.

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Repeatability of infrared ocular thermography in assessing healthy and dry eyes

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Diagnostic Ability of Conventional Dry Eye Tests and their Correlation with Ocular Surface Temperature

Diagnostic Ability of Conventional Dry Eye Tests and their Correlation with Ocular Surface Temperature

Skin temperature of the foot: Reliability of infrared image analysis based in the angiosome concept

Advances in dry eye imaging: the present and beyond

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