‘Repair’ Treg Cells in Tissue Injury

Abstract

Studies in mice and humans have elucidated an important role for Tregs in promoting tissue repair and restoring tissue integrity. Emerging evidence has revealed that Tregs promoted wound healing and repair processes at multiple tissue sites, such as the heart, liver, kidney, muscle, lung, bone and central nervous system. The localization of repair Tregs in the lung, muscle and liver exhibited unique phenotypes and functions. Epidermal growth factor receptor, amphiregulin, CD73/CD39 and keratinocyte growth factor are important repair factors that are produced or expressed by repair Tregs; these factors coordinate with parenchymal cells to limit injury and promote repair. In addition, repair Tregs can be modulated by IL-33/ST2, TCR signals and other cytokines in the context of injured microenvironment cues. In this review, we provide an overview of the emerging knowledge about Treg-mediated repair in damaged tissues and organs.

T helper cell-related changes in peripheral blood induced by progressive effort among soccer players

“…Moreover, it was found in this study that the progressive effort induced a decrease in Treg cells during the recovery after the YO-YO test in contrast to the Beep test as well as the test performed on a mechanical treadmill [20]. The Treg cells express the FoxP3 transcription factor and are critical for the prevention of excess immunopathology or autoimmunity through multiple mechanisms [25]. The increase in Th17 cells suggests a more rapid immunological response induced by the progressive effort and indicates that the biological mechanisms of recovery are related to different immunological pathways depending on the test protocol.…”

“…Changes in the distribution of Th1 and Th2 cell subsets as a consequence of the post-exercise cytokine secretion of participants (including runners and triathletes) and professional athletes (including marathoners and rowers) in different age groups favours the emergence of type 2 cell subsets (T2, including Th2 and Tc2) [20][21][22][23][24]. In addition, regulatory T cells (Treg) have recently been identified as the cells promoting the repair of muscle fibres through the secretion of autocrine growth factor amphiregulin in the muscle tissue [25]. The proportion of Th lymphocyte subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17 or Treg, involved in the modulation of the immune response following physical activity is key to silencing or enhancing post-effort immune changes.…”

Epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells in injury, repair, and resolution

“…Although less is understood about the role of epigenetic mechanisms within lymphocytes during later phases of injury, particularly the repair and resolution phases, lymphocytes' roles during wound healing are well appreciated (137,138). T cells are clearly present at sites of injury (139)(140)(141), and depending on the tissue and T cell subsets, they can have positive or negative effects on tissue regeneration.…”

Therapeutic Strategies for Targeting IL-33/ST2 Signalling for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases

“…However, IL-33-sensitized type 2 inflammation may be pathogenic in the context of infection or autoimmune disorders [72]. [42], and Tregs [73]. Therefore, determining how to fine-tune and appropriate time to manipulate IL-33/ST2 signalling is crucial for treating inflammatory diseases characterized by immune imbalance.…”