Repair mechanisms of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in myocardial infarction

Abstract

The prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and resultant chronic heart failure remains extremely poor despite advances in optimal medical therapy and interventional procedures. Animal experiments and clinical trials using adult stem cell therapy following MI have shown a global improvement of myocardial function. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold promise for cardiac repair following MI, due to their multilineage, self-renewal and proliferation potential. In addition, MSCs can be easily isolated, expanded in culture, and have immunoprivileged properties to the host tissue. Experimental studies and clinical trials have revealed that MSCs not only differentiate into cardiomyocytes and vascular cells, but also secrete amounts of growth factors and cytokines which may mediate endogenous regeneration via activation of resident cardiac stem cells and other stem cells, as well as induce neovascularization, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, anti-remodelling and cardiac contractility in a paracrine manner. It has also been postulated that the anti-arrhythmic and cardiac nerve sprouting potential of MSCs may contribute to their beneficial effects in cardiac repair. Most molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the MSC-based therapy after MI are still unclear at present. This article reviews the potential repair mechanisms of MSCs in the setting of MI.

Recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide therapy combined with bone mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for treating heart failure in rats

“…In recent years, animal experiments involving BMSC transplantation have been successfully conducted and transplanted BMSCs have been confirmed to improve cardiac function (7)(8)(9)(10). However, the results of previous clinical studies using BMSCs are unsatisfactory.…”

Tracking stem cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: perspectives and considerations

“…113 Although a matter of great controversy and debate in the field, it has been suggested that heart repair or regeneration achieved after injection of stem cells occurs mainly by paracrine mechanisms involving the secretion of trophic and antiapoptotic factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. [113][114][115] Cellular tracking is an important part of the investigation of stem cell-based therapies for myocardial regeneration after either in situ or systemic injection of stem cells. Systemically delivered cells, or their products, must reach the heart in order to interact with the injury site and promote recovery; whereas those injected into the infarcted heart must remain in situ in order to promote recovery.…”

TGF-β1 induces apoptosis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production

“…BMSCs are the most promising seed cells in stem cell-based transplantation and have been widely used in the clinical treatment of certain diseases, such as neurodegeneration and myocardial infarction (26,27). Generally, BMSCs must be induced in vitro for directional differentiation prior to transplantation.…”