Reorganization of Retinotopic Cortical Maps in Adult Mammals After Lesions of the Retina

Kaas, Jon H.; Krubitzer, Leah; Chino, Yuzo M.; Langston, Andy; Polley, Edward H.; Blair, Norman P.

doi:10.1126/science.2326637

Cited by 588 publications

(363 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…Investigations of adult subjects that received peripheral insults such as digit amputation (20), focal retinal lesions (21,22), and frequency-specific cochlear lesions (23) revealed that the initially silenced cortical locus eventually developed responses similar to those of unaffected neighboring neurons (18,24). Although these effects occurred within the same modality, the fact that intra-modal reorganization had occurred is consistent with the likelihood that the sensory cortices of adults are indeed mutable.…”

mentioning

confidence: 63%

Adult deafness induces somatosensory conversion of ferret auditory cortex

Allman

Keniston

Meredith

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

114

123

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In response to early or developmental lesions, responsiveness of sensory cortex can be converted from the deprived modality to that of the remaining sensory systems. However, little is known about capacity of the adult cortex for cross-modal reorganization. The present study examined the auditory cortices of animals deafened as adults, and observed an extensive somatosensory conversion within as little as 16 days after deafening. These results demonstrate that cortical cross-modal reorganization can occur after the period of sensory system maturation.aging ͉ cross-modal reorganization ͉ hearing loss ͉ plasticity ͉ reorganization T he study of neural plasticity has revealed the considerable vulnerability of the developing brain to altered sensory experience (1). This vulnerability is particularly evident when the loss of peripheral sensory input results in the cross-modal reorganization of cortex. In their classic study, Rauschecker and Korte (2) showed that the ectosylvian visual area responded vigorously to auditory and/or somatosensory stimuli in cats visually deprived from birth. Similar developmental studies have been performed in a variety of species and their common finding was that cortical areas normally devoted to processing one sensory modality were converted to the other sensory systems following early visual deprivation (3-8) or early deafening (9-13, but see 14).In contrast to these established developmental effects, little is known about the potential for cross-modal reorganization from lesions occurring after the sensory systems have matured. The few animal studies of adult cross-modal reorganization have described far less robust effects and collectively appear inconclusive. Blinding of adult rabbits resulted in somatosensory innervation of primary visual cortex near its border with somatosensory cortex (15). However, in deafened auditory cortex (16), visual responses were observed in the primary auditory area of cats deafened at 1 week of age, but not when cats were deafened at a later stage. In humans, regions of multi-sensory cortex become more visually active after late-onset deafness (17), which is not surprising given the presence of visual inputs before the hearing loss.Despite these limited and equivocal results regarding lateonset cross-modal reorganization, there is considerable evidence that the adult cortex is capable of reacting to loss of peripheral input (18,19). Investigations of adult subjects that received peripheral insults such as digit amputation (20), focal retinal lesions (21, 22), and frequency-specific cochlear lesions (23) revealed that the initially silenced cortical locus eventually developed responses similar to those of unaffected neighboring neurons (18,24). Although these effects occurred within the same modality, the fact that intra-modal reorganization had occurred is consistent with the likelihood that the sensory cortices of adults are indeed mutable.Hearing impairment is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders in humans, affecting 16% of adults in the...

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mentioning

confidence: 63%

Adult deafness induces somatosensory conversion of ferret auditory cortex

Allman

Keniston

Meredith

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

114

123

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“…That conclusion has been challenged by a large number of studies showing that primary somatosensory cortical representations can be substantially remodeled following alterations of sensory inputs in adult animals (Kalaska & Pomeranz, 1979;Rasmusson, 1982;Merzenich et al, 1983a, Merzenich et al, 1983b, Merzenich et al, 1984Wall & Cusick, 1984;Rasmusson & Dykes, 1988;Kaas et al, 1990;Calford & Tweedale, 1991;Kaas, 1991;Pons et al, 1988). In those studies, amputation, denervation or central nervous system lesions altering sensory system input sources resulted in a re-mapping of the SI cortical sectors formerly representing the damaged or lost input.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity in primary somatosensory cortex resulting from environmentally enriched stimulation and sensory discrimination training

et al. 2008

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We studied primary-somatosensory cortical plasticity due to selective stimulation of the sensory periphery by two procedures of active exploration in adult rats. Subjects, left with only three adjacent whiskers, were trained in a roughness discrimination task or maintained in a tactile enriched environment. Either training or enrichment produced 3-fold increases in the barrel cortex areas of behaviorally-engaged whisker representations, in their zones of overlap. While the overall areas of representation expanded dramatically, the domains of exclusive principal whisker responses were virtually identical in enriched vs normal rats and were significantly smaller than either group in roughness discrimination-trained rats. When animals were trained or exposed to enriched environments with the three whiskers arrayed in an arc or row, very equivalent overlaps in representations were recorded across their greatly-enlarged whisker representation zones. This equivalence in distortion in these behavioral preparations is in contradistinction to the normal rat, where overlap is strongly biased only along rows, probably reflecting the establishment of different relations with the neighboring cortical columns. Overall, plasticity phenomena are argued to be consistent with the predictions of competitive Hebbian network plasticity.

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“…Studies using retinal lesions have revealed a significant potential for plasticity in the visuotopic representations in cortex (Kaas et al, 1990;Gilbert and Wiesel, 1992;Schmid et al, 1996). It is possible that the partial deafferentation caused by a V1 lesion also brings about alterations in the visuotopic map of MT, the extent of which could limit the contribution of this area to blindsight and residual vision.…”

Section: Abstract: Marmoset; Vision; Extrastriate; Receptive Fields;mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Responses of Neurons in the Middle Temporal Area of New World Monkeys after Lesions of Striate Cortex

2000

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In primates, lesions of striate cortex (V1) result in scotomas in which only rudimentary visual abilities remain. These aspects of vision that survive V1 lesions have been attributed to direct thalamic pathways to extrastriate areas, including the middle temporal area (MT). However, studies in New World monkeys and humans have questioned this interpretation, suggesting that remnants of V1 are responsible for both the activation of MT and residual vision. We studied the visual responses of neurons in area MT in New World marmoset monkeys in the weeks after lesions of V1. The extent of the scotoma in each case was estimated by mapping the receptive fields of cells located near the lesion border and by histological reconstruction. Two response types were observed among the cells located in the part of MT that corresponds, in visuotopic coordinates, to the lesioned part of V1. Many neurons (62%) had receptive fields that were displaced relative to their expected location, so that they represented the visual field immediately surrounding the scotoma. This may be a consequence of a process analogous to the reorganization of the V1 map after retinal lesions. However, another 20% of the cells had receptive fields centered inside the scotoma. Most of these neurons were strongly directionselective, similar to normal MT cells. These results show that MT cells differ in their responses to lesioning of V1 and that only a subpopulation of MT neurons can be reasonably linked to residual vision and blindsight.

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Reorganization of Retinotopic Cortical Maps in Adult Mammals After Lesions of the Retina

Cited by 588 publications

References 25 publications

Adult deafness induces somatosensory conversion of ferret auditory cortex

Adult deafness induces somatosensory conversion of ferret auditory cortex

Plasticity in primary somatosensory cortex resulting from environmentally enriched stimulation and sensory discrimination training

Visual Responses of Neurons in the Middle Temporal Area of New World Monkeys after Lesions of Striate Cortex

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