“…Patell and Wolfson (1984) observe the first reaction to corporate announcements of U.S. listed firms in 1976-1977 in the first few minutes following the announcements, while significant trading profits occur overnight or at the opening of the next trading day. Chordia et al (2018), on the other hand, show that S&P 500 exchange-traded fund and E-mini S&P 500 futures contract prices react to macroeconomic surprise news in 2008-2014 within the first five milliseconds where trading intensity rises by more than 100-fold. Reaching beyond the scope of this study, HFT related topics include but not limited to its impacts on market quality, i.e., on liquidity (Hasbrouck and Saar, 2013;Brogaard et al, 2014;Brogaard et al, 2017) and on volatility (Brogaard, 2010;Zhang, 2010;Chaboud et al, 2014), HFT effects on price discovery (Carrion, 2013;Menkveld, 2013;Conrad et al, 2015), HFT through market downturns and crashes (Kirilenko et al, 2017;Brogaard et al, 2017; "high frequency trading" "algorithmic trading" "stock exchange" "stock market" Madhavan, 2012;McInish et al, 2014), HFT impacts on other participants: crowding out effect (Malinova et al, 2013;Jones, 2013;Hoffmann, 2014), adverse selection effect (Cartea and Penalva, 2012;Biais et al, 2015;Egginton et al, 2016), welfare effects (Boehmer et al, 2015;Stiglitz, 2014;Budish et al, 2015), vast HFT investments (Menkveld, 2013;Biais et al, 2015;Budish et al, 2015), HFT competition (Baron et al, 2019;Brogaard and Garriott, 2019), HFT profits (Malinova et al, 2013;Scholtus et al, 2014).…”