“…In addition to the species involved in our analysis, testes contiguous near the ventral sucker have been noted in some other renicolids, e.g. Renicola wright Odening, 1962 , Renicola pelecani Wright, 1954 , Renicola fischeri Odening, 1962 , Renicola pseudosloanei Odening, 1962 , Renicola hayesannieae Byrd and Kellogg, 1972 , Renicola pollaris Kontrimavitschus and Bachmet'eva, 1960 , Renicola glacialis Riley and Owen, 1972 and Renicola williamsi Munyer and Holloway, 1990 (Wright, 1954 , 1956 ; Kontrimavitschus and Bachmet'eva, 1960 ; Odening, 1962 ; Byrd and Kellogg, 1972 ; Riley and Owen, 1972 ; Munyer and Holloway, 1990 ). The emergence of this character in the course of morphological evolution of adult renicolids could be determined by the pressure on the testes from the eggs in the uterus loops expanding in posterior–lateral direction and could occur independently in different phylogenetic lineages of this taxon.…”