Renewable waste biomass-derived carbon materials for energy storage

Abstract

It is crucial to develop high-performance electrode materials for the increasing energy demands of various energy storage systems. Biomass-derived carbons demonstrate great potential due to their rich structure, low cost, abundance in reserves, and excellent electrochemical performance. So far, various carbon structures ranging from highly disordered non-graphitic carbon to locally ordered graphite-like carbon have been achieved from different biomass. And they are employed as electrodes for different energy storage systems. However, to our best knowledge, there is no systematic review to show the latest progress in this area. Herein, we have systematically classified the waste biomass and discussed the microstructures of their derived carbons. In particular, as electrode materials, the effects of biomass-derived carbons’ structure, porosity, interlayer spacing, and heteroatomic doping on different energy storage devices are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, the challenges, as well as the corresponding solutions and developing trends to biomass-derived carbons, have been summarized.

Recent Progress and Future Directions of Biomass-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon: Designing, Preparation, and Supercapacitor Applications

“…Although lignin accounts for less than 30% of the total biomass, it contains more than 40% of the total biomass energy due to its high carbon content. 81 The pyrolysis process mechanisms and decomposition pathways of the three basic structural units are mainly affected by the type of pyrolysis reactor, pyrolysis temperatures and heating rate. Generally, in a typical pyrolysis process, hemicellulose first decomposes at 197−257 °C, followed by cellulose at 237−347 °C, and finally, lignin begins to decompose as the pyrolysis temperature rises above 277 °C.…”

“…From biomass to functional carbon materials, carbonization is an essential step, which mainly removes the volatile components from biomass, leaving a carbon-rich skeleton structure. , In an inert atmosphere, carbon-rich materials obtained by biomass thermochemical decomposition and organic macromolecule recombination are defined as biomass char. Biomass char can be obtained by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization.…”

Advances in Micro-/Mesopore Regulation Methods for Plant-Derived Carbon Materials

“…Biomass-based carbon with good electrical conductivity and high porosity can be obtained by high-temperature treatment (hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis and gasification) under oxygen-limited conditions [ 12 ]. Compared with other materials, biomass-based carbon materials have abundant precursors, such as animal waste and its derivatives, plant waste and its derivatives and microorganisms (bacteria) [ 13 , 14 ]. Plant materials are favored by researchers because they are more readily available in nature and have lower costs than animals and microorganisms.…”

Biomass Alginate Derived Oxygen-Enriched Carbonaceous Materials with Partially Graphitic Nanolayers for High Performance Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…That is why it is more appealing than ever to employ functional group-rich materials as carbon precursors. Instead, biomass resources are thought to adequately cover the needs since they are renewable, low-cost, and ecologically beneficial [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Biomass is an abundant carbon source that may be processed into carbon compounds by carbonization, pyrolysis, and activation techniques.…”