Renewable polymers: Synthesis and characterization of poly(levulinic acid–pentaerythritol)

Abstract

The heating of a levulinic acid and pentaerythritol 4:3 mixture with Sb2O3 catalyst at 23–210 °C gives poly(levulinic acid–pentaerythritol). This all renewable carbon based moldable white thermoplastic is shown to contain a structure with ester and ketal links.

Synthesis of Bio-Based Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Butylene Itaconate) Copolyesters with Pentaerythritol: A Thermal, Mechanical, Rheological, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

“…Furthermore, PE has a tetra-functional –OH group, which can be passed in copolyesters to drive crosslinking networking to improve the mechanical property [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Amarasekara et al synthesized poly(levulinic acid–pentaerythritol), exhibiting a crosslinked structure and can be applied in producing household items, machine parts, medical equipment, packaging, and storage containers [ 10 ]. Lu and his coworkers developed poly(butylene succinate- co -terephthalate) copolyesters with a small amount of 0.1–0.4 mol% PE to generate a long-chain branched structure, indicating the strength and elongation increased by 4% and 15% in 0.1 mol% PE and the tensile modulus increased and reached a plateau of 132 MPa at PE over 0.4 mol% [ 17 ].…”

A comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous Brønsted acid catalysts in the reactions of meso-erythritol with aldehyde/ketones

“…In these studies we have found that ketals and ketal-esters are formed in Amberlyst-15 catalyzed reactions; while esters and ketal-esters are produced in p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyzed reactions [27]. In continuation of our efforts in the development of new biomass derived feedstocks, monomers and polymeric materials [28][29][30][31][32] we have studied the effect of different homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts on the bis-ketal formation as well as in the cyclo-dehydration reactions of meso-erythritol as shown in Fig. 1.…”

Vanillin‐based polymers: IV. Hydrovanilloin epoxy resins

“…In our efforts in the development of novel renewable carbonbased monomers and polymers, we explored the potential of vanillin in the synthesis of new polymer materials. [28][29][30][31][32] For example, we used the electrochemical polymerization of divanillin to prepare poly(vanillin) and shown that condensation of divanillin with alkyl diamines gives Schiff base polymers with a degree of polymerization (DP)~25-32 in 88-95% yield. 33,34 These Schiff base polymers have displayed transition metal chelation Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.…”