Renewable energy in Russia: A critical perspective

Abstract

Partly explaining the low uptake of energy production from renewable energy sources, Russia accesses huge oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium resources and hosts advanced nuclear energy, oil, and natural gas industries. Yet, the combined effect of the exceedingly low cost of electricity generation via today's photovoltaic modules and wind turbines combined with energy storage in Li‐ion battery and hydrogen obtained via water electrolysis will shortly have a profound impact on Russia's economy and manufacturing industry. The buildup of Russia's clean energy technology industry will require proper planning, rationalization efforts, and the development of creative and effective policies, which will include new educational initiatives in today's new energy technologies and energy management.

Increasing Energy Efficiency and Modernization of Energy Systems in Russia: A Review

“…This can, with a high degree of probability, become a constraining factor for the development of the Russian economy, a significant part of which is based on energy-intensive production. The challenge is exacerbated by the fact that today's energy consumers in Russia are becoming more demanding in terms of availability, reliability and quality of electricity (which became more apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic) [117,118]. With regard to this, it should be understood that it is difficult for an industry based on traditional technologies to significantly increase its efficiency, as well as to meet new consumer requirements without a noticeable increase in prices.…”

The Russian Federation's renewable energy development determinants: evidence from empirical research

“…Annual bids granted significantly more than 2 GW of renewable capacity between 2013 and 2016. From 2019 to 2024, competitive bidding for new RE capacity is scheduled at slightly over 313 MW, with the majority coming from hydroelectric capacity, 78 MW from wind and 5.6 MW from solar power (Pagliaro, 2020, p. 953). On January 1, 2021, hydro, solar and wind power made up 21.47% of the country's total installed capacity of around 245.31 GW.…”

Experimental validation of fuzzy type‐2 against type‐1 scheme applied in DC/DC converter integrated to a PEM fuel cell system

“…Although that is one of the major producers of industrial pollution due to coal consumption which is around half of the global demand, the installed capacity of PEMFC had produced 46MW only in public transport in 2021. 4,5 Commercial PEMFC output voltages can reach up to 50 V. 6 However, this value is low for industrial applications such as automotive which require more than 10 times extra. 7 Boost converters (also known as "step-up") are known for these purposes where an enduser voltage is required to be higher than the one from the source.…”

“…Currently, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are an innovative technology in countries like China. Although that is one of the major producers of industrial pollution due to coal consumption which is around half of the global demand, the installed capacity of PEMFC had produced 46MW only in public transport in 2021 4,5 …”