“…Other factors, such as foreign direct investment (Essandoh et al, 2020;Le et al, 2020;Khan and Rana, 2021), financial development Bhattacharya et al, 2017;Zaidi et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2020), oil price (Brini et al, 2017;Shahbaz et al, 2021), renewable energy consumption (Vo et al, 2020;Assi et al, 2021;Magazzino et al, 2021) and innovation (Nguyen et al, 2020) can be largely classified as the secondary driving factors which affect the primary factors. For example, it has already been proven that foreign direct investment, financial development and innovation are all positively related to growth (Jones, 1995;Muhammad and Khan, 2019), while oil price and renewable energy consumption will affect energy consumption as a whole.…”