“…In contrast, renewable energy sources are cleaner, inexhaustible, and environmental friendly, and less affected by geopolitical risks (Adedoyin et al, 2021;Pata, 2020). Most research nd that renewable energy consumption reduces carbon dioxide emissions and plays an important role in achieving sustainable development goals (Adams and Acheampon, 2019;Khan et al, 2020;Vural, 2020;Swain and Karimu, 2020;Wang et al, 2020). On the role of energy intensity, lowering the energy intensity or increasing the energy e ciency is considered a major solution to reducing carbon dioxide emissions (Neagu, 2019;Talaei et al, 2018;Worrell et al, 2001).…”