“…In some earlier modeling efforts, leaf anatomy was simplified as a homogeneous layer or multiple layers, and light propagation was modeled as several fluxes that were classified as either upward or downward and either direct or diffuse (Baranoski and Rokne, 2004; Ustin, 2004; Féret et al , 2008). Among those various models, the ray-tracing method (Govaerts et al , 1996; Ustin et al , 2001) is advantageous in that it can include not only a three-dimensional representation of leaf anatomy but also a detailed description of incident light properties such as intensity, wavelength and incident angle.…”