Renal osteodystrophy

Complications and Managements of Hyperphosphatemia in Dialysis

“…The introduction of non-calciumbased phosphate binders has enabled a reduction in the total phosphate load and provides a useful tool in the prevention of vascular calcification in CKD. The use of phosphate binders may decrease the phosphorus absorbed from the diet to 40% (Llach & Bover, 2000). In these circumstances, 320 mg of phosphorus and 21g of protein (0.3-0.35g of protein/kg/day) intake should be the critical value above which a positive balance of phosphate may occur (Fig.…”

Enclave Projects: What Are They and What Can Be Done?

“…According to the Chair of the independent panel for the TEG project, conditions that trigger complaints, despite adequate mitigation and compensation actions, include high community expectations of potential benefits when a large outside investment takes place that may be met in the short term but are frustrated in the medium term. In enclave projects, the expected negative environmental consequences may be adequately mitigated, but the positive expectations of increases in wellbeing may not materialize, resulting in unmet community expectations and community perceptions of unfairness in the allocation of benefits (Llach 2004).…”

Role of the Dialyzer Membrane on the Overall Phosphate Kinetics during Hemodialysis

“…phate concentration at the fi rst half of the HD session; (2) an almost stabilized concentration during HD in which phosphate continues to be removed, and (3) a rebound phenomenon which starts before the end of the HD session [9][10][11][12][13] . Many factors that infl uence the phosphate kinetics throughout the HD session via the dialyzer membrane have been reported.…”