Renal function, cytogenetic measurements, and sexual development in adolescents in relation to environmental pollutants: a feasibility study of biomarkers

Staessen, Jan A.; Nawrot, Tim S.; Hond, Elly Den; Thijs, Lutgarde; Fagard, Robert; Hoppenbrouwers, Karel; Koppen, Gudrun; Nelen, Vera; Schoeters, Greet; Vanderschueren, Dirk; Hecke, Étienne Van; Verschaeve, Luc; Vlietinck, Robert; Roels, Harry

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04822-4

Cited by 183 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Smoking increased the internal exposure to cadmium and PAHs. The influence of breast feeding, gender and smoking were in agreement with other studies (Staessen et al, 2001;De Burbure et al, 2003;Strö mberg et al, 2003;Wilhelm et al, 2003;Wilhelm et al, 2006). Exposure to traffic, having exercised in the last three days and having a stove at home were associated with higher internal exposure to PAHs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Compared to the 17 year-old adolescents studied in the 1999 Flemish environment and health study (Staessen et al, 2001), no marked differences were observed in the current study group of 14 year old adolescents, for lead (19.2 versus 21.7 lg l À1 ) and cadmium (0.37 versus 0.36 lg l À1 ). Significant differences were observed for the marker PCBs (93 versus 68 ng g À1 fat), 1-hydroxypyrene (68 versus 88 ng g À1 creatinine) and for t,t 0 -muconic acid (55 versus 72 lg g À1 creatinine).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

“…doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.053 (Staessen et al, 2001;Koppen et al, 2002;Van den Heuvel et al, 2002;van Larebeke et al, 2006). The current results entailed a larger-scale, five year (2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006) biomonitoring program on neonates, adolescents and older adults carried out by the Flemish Centre for Environment and Health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Internal exposure to pollutants measured in blood and urine of Flemish adolescents in function of area of residence

et al. 2008

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The Centre for Environment and Health in Flanders, the Northern part of Belgium, started a biomonitoring program on adolescents in 2003. 1679 adolescents residing in nine areas with different patterns of pollution participated in the study. Possible confounding effects of lifestyle and personal characteristics were taken into account. The geometric mean levels of cadmium and lead in whole blood amounted to 0.36 and 21.7 lg l À1 , those of PCBs, DDE and HCB in serum to 68, 94 and 20.9 ng g À1 fat, and those of 1-hydroxypyrene and t,t 0 -muconic acid in urine to 88 ng g À1 creatinine and 72 lg g À1 creatinine. Significant regional differences in internal lead, cadmium, PCBs, DDE and HCB exposure were observed in function of area of residence, even after adjustment for age, sex, smoking (and body mass index for the chlorinated compounds). Compared to a reference mean, internal exposure was significantly higher in one or more of the areas: Cd and Pb in the Antwerp agglomeration, Cd in the Antwerp harbour, PCBs in the Ghent agglomeration, PCBs, DDE and HCB in the Ghent harbour, Cd, PCBs, DDE and HCB in the rural area, DDE in Olen and in the Albert canal areas. Adolescents living in an area with intensive fruit cultivation (showing overall the lowest values) and, surprisingly, in areas around household waste incinerators (average of six areas), had no significantly increased internal exposures. Subjects from separate areas around waste incinerators showed significant differences in body load of various environmental contaminants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Internal exposure to pollutants measured in blood and urine of Flemish adolescents in function of area of residence

et al. 2008

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“…The half-life in the body is 10-30 years. In general, nonsmokers have urinary Cd concentrations of 0.02-0.7 lg/g creatinine, which increase with age in parallel with the accumulation of Cd in the kidney (Järup et al 1998c;Staessen et al 2001).…”

Section: External and Internal Exposure To CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium exposure in the population: from health risks to strategies of prevention

et al. 2010

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We focus on the recent evidence that elucidates our understanding about the effects of cadmium (Cd) on human health and their prevention. Recently, there has been substantial progress in the exploration of the shape of the Cd concentrationresponse function on osteoporosis and mortality. Environmental exposure to Cd increases total mortality in a continuous fashion without evidence of a threshold, independently of kidney function and other classical factors associated with mortality including age, gender, smoking and social economic status. Pooled hazard rates of two recent environmental population based cohort studies revealed that for each doubling of urinary Cd concentration, the relative risk for mortality increases with 17% (95% CI 4.2-33.1%; P \ 0.0001). Tubular kidney damage starts at urinary Cd concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 2 lg urinary Cd/g creatinine, and recent studies focusing on bone effects show increased risk of osteoporosis even at urinary Cd below 1 lg Cd/g creatinine. The non-smoking adult population has urinary Cd concentrations close to or higher than 0.5 lg Cd/g creatinine. To diminish the transfer of Cd from soil to plants for human consumption, the bioavailability of soil Cd for the plants should be reduced (external bioavailability) by maintaining agricultural and garden soils pH close to neutral (pH-H 2 O of 7.5; pH-KCL of 6.5). Reducing the systemic bioavailability of intestinal Cd can be best achieved by preserving a balanced iron status. The latter might especially be relevant in groups with a lower intake of iron, such as vegetarians, and women in reproductive phase of life. In exposed populations, house dust loaded with Cd is an additional relevant exposure route. In view of the insidious etiology of health effects associated with low dose exposure to Cd and the current European Cd intake which is close to the tolerable weekly intake, one should not underestimate the importance of the recent epidemiological evidence on Cd toxicity as to its medical and public health implications.

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“…The Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS) of 1999, a preliminary small scale biomonitoring study, provided evidence that levels of internal exposure to pollutants were different between a rural area and an urban one and that small differences in pollutant levels were associated with observable differences in effect markers Koppen et al, 2002;Staessen et al, 2001; Van den Heuvel et al, 2002;Van Larebeke et al, 2006). These results entailed a largerscale, five year (2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006) biomonitoring program on neonates, adolescents and older adults by the Flemish Centre for Environment and Health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormone levels and sexual development in Flemish adolescents residing in areas differing in pollution pressure

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et al. 2009

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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In 2002, the Centre for Environment and Health in Flanders, Belgium started a human biomonitoring program. For 1679 adolescents, residing in nine study areas with differing pollution pressure, hormone levels and the degree of sexual maturation were measured. Possible confounding effects of lifestyle and personal characteristics were taken into account. Participants from the nine different study areas had significantly different levels of sex hormones (total and free testosterone, oestradiol, aromatase, luteinizing hormone) and the thyroid hormone free triiodothyronine, after correction for confounders. Significantly higher hormone concentrations were measured in samples from participants residing in the area around the waste incinerators, while significantly lower values were found in participants residing in the Albert Canal zone with chemical industry. Sexual maturation of boys as well as girls tended to be somewhat slower in the industrial city of Antwerp and in the Antwerp harbour compared to the other areas in Flanders. Even within the same study area, significant differences in hormone levels could be observed between sub-areas. Data on the internal exposure of the same adolescents to lead, cadmium, PCBs, p,p 0 -DDE, HCB, 1-hydroxypyrene and t,t 0 -muconic acid have already been published. The observed differences in hormone levels and in sexual maturation could however only in part be explained by the measured differences in internal exposure to pollutants, suggesting that also other pollutants and other factors that vary in function of the area of residence could play a role. Nevertheless, our results also suggest that local (environmental) factors, acting within a short distance, might influence the measured hormone levels and degree of sexual maturation.

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Renal function, cytogenetic measurements, and sexual development in adolescents in relation to environmental pollutants: a feasibility study of biomarkers

Cited by 183 publications

References 38 publications

Internal exposure to pollutants measured in blood and urine of Flemish adolescents in function of area of residence

Internal exposure to pollutants measured in blood and urine of Flemish adolescents in function of area of residence

Cadmium exposure in the population: from health risks to strategies of prevention

Hormone levels and sexual development in Flemish adolescents residing in areas differing in pollution pressure

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