Renal Function as a Predictor of Outcome in a Broad Spectrum of Patients With Heart Failure

Abstract

Background— Decreased renal function has been found to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) with markedly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the prognostic importance of renal function in a broader spectrum of patients with CHF. Methods and Results— The Candesartan in Heart Failure:Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) program consisted of three component trials that enrolled patients with symptomatic CHF, based on use of ACE inhibitors and reduced (≤40%) or preserved LVEF (>40%). Entry baseline creatinine was required to be below 3.0 mg/dL (265 μmol/L). Routine baseline serum creatinine assessments were done in 2680 North American patients. An analysis of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation and LVEF on risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure, as well as on all-cause mortality, was conducted on these 2680 patients. The proportion of patients with eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 was 36.0%; 42.6% for CHARM-Alternative, 33.0% for CHARM-Added, and 34.7% for CHARM-Preserved. During the median follow-up of 34.4 months (total 6493 person-years), the primary outcome of cardiovascular death or hospital admission for worsening CHF occurred in 950 of 2680 subjects. Both reduced eGFR and lower LVEF were found to be significant independent predictors of worse outcome after adjustment for major confounding baseline clinical characteristics. The risk for cardiovascular death or hospitalization for worsening CHF as well as the risk for all-cause mortality increased significantly below an eGFR of 60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.54 for 45 to 60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 and 1.86 for <45 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 for the primary outcome, both P <0.001, and hazard ratio of 1.50, P =0.006, and 1.91, P =0.001, respectively, for all-cause mortality). The prognostic value of eGFR was not significantly different among the three component trials. There was no significant interaction between renal function, the effect of candesartan, and clinical outcome. Conclusions— Impaired renal function is independently associated with heightened risk for death, cardiovascular death, and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with CHF with both preserved as well as reduced LVEF. There was no evidence that the beneficial effect of candesartan was modified by baseline eGFR.

Differential Effects of Levosimendan and Dobutamine on Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients With Heart Failure and Renal Impairment:A Randomized Double‐Blind Controlled Trial

“…Cardiorenal syndrome, a condition in which renal impairment occurs as a result of cardiac dysfunction, is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization and death 2, 3. Indeed, renal dysfunction is a stronger predictor of mortality than New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class or left ventricular ejection fraction 4…”

Prognostic Value of the Change in Heart Rate From the Supine to the Upright Position in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

“…We have shown that the prognostic value of ΔHR is independent of established markers of HF severity, in particular eGFR 13. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis suggested that ΔHR is modifiable and that its changes over time are also associated with prognosis.…”

The renal–cardiac connection in subjects with preserved ejection fraction: a population based study

“…In a study of 754 heart failure patients, survival was significantly tied to renal insufficiency with increased mortality associated with worsening renal dysfunction ( P  = 0.002) 16. Additionally, reduced GFR was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalizations in 2680 North American patients with systolic and DD 17. Our study supports these findings and expands on these results by demonstrating that the presence of DD was associated with worse long‐term outcomes independent of renal function.…”