Renal Failure After Open Heart Surgery

Abstract

One hundred fifty of 490 patients undergoing open heart surgery had renal failure attributable to cardiopulmonary bypass. In 69, serum creatinine concentrations did not exceed 2 mg/dl and returned to normal by the fourth postoperative day. In 60 patients, serum creatinine attained levels between 2 and 5 mg/dl, oliguria did not develop, and recovery of renal function occurred within 4 to 37 days. Serum creatinine increased to levels exceeding 5 mg/dl in 21 patients, 11 of whom were oliguric. Despite dialysis, 14 of these patients died from cardiac causes or sepsis. Prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time, hypotension, oliguria, low output syndrome, and hemoglobinemia during open heart surgery correlated with the development of renal failure postoperatively. Although severe renal failure was an uncommon complication after open heart surgery, its occurrence carried a grave prognosis.

Insuficiência renal aguda após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica com circulação extracorpórea: incidência, fatores de risco e mortalidade

“…Mortality ranges from 3.5% to 31.0% [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][16][17][18][19]23 , and this variation may be because of the criteria used for its diagnosis: the number and characteristics of hospitals involved in each study, the patients' features, and the size of the sample 11,24 . These aspects hinder data comparison among the several studies performed.…”

“…Acute renal failure requiring dialysis (acute renal failure-D) after cardiac surgery, occurs from 0.5% to 15.0% [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]23,26 . Its occurrence in our study was 4.9% (11 cases), greater than that reported in other studies, apart from that of Suen et al 15 and of OR -odds ratio; CI -confidence interval; ECC -extracorporeal circulation.…”

“…The presence of acute renal failure in these patients increases the mortality rate from 0.4% to 4.4% to 1.3% to 22.3%, and when dialysis is required, these rates reach 25.0% to 88.9% [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] , making it an independent risk factor for mortality, according to Chertow et al 16 , and increasing 8-fold the death odds ratio among these patients.…”

“…In 18.0% to 47.0% of cases, it is related to a surgical event, and acute tubular necrosis is the main type of lesion 1,2,4 . The great variation in the incidence of acute renal failure among the studies presents a multifactor profile, including different diagnostic criteria, such as the study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, profile of the patients and of the centers involved in the sample, hindering study comparisons 5 .In cardiac surgery, its incidence ranges from 3.5% to 31.0% [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] , and the need for dialysis occurs in 0.3% to 15.0% of cases [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . The presence of acute renal failure in these patients increases the mortality rate from 0.4% to 4.4% to 1.3% to 22.3%, and when dialysis is required, these rates reach 25.0% to 88.9% [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] , making it an independent risk factor for mortality, according to Chertow et al 16 , and increasing 8-fold the death odds ratio among these patients.…”

“…Patients who present with reduced renal functional reserve, in whom a reduction occurs in the glomerular filtration rate without serum creatinine elevation above normal values, are more likely to have ARF even with minor renal lesions 16 . Preoperative and intraoperative factors, such as age, previous level of creatinine, diabetes mellitus, cardiac output, the duration of extracorporeal circulation, and the use of the intraaortic balloon, are influencial in the development of ARF [5][6][7][8][10][11][12]19 . The severity of ARF may increase with the occurrence of complications in the postoperative period, such as infections, hemorrhage, and the use of nephrotoxic substances 20 .…”