Renal cell carcinoma: Review of etiology, pathophysiology and risk factors

Abstract

Background and Aims. The global incidence of renal cell cancer is increasing annually and the causes are multifactorial. Early diagnosis and successful urological procedures with partial or total nephrectomy can be life-saving. However, only up to 10% of RCC patients present with characteristic clinical symptoms. Over 60% are detected incidentally in routine ultrasound examination. The question of screening and preventive measures greatly depends on the cause of the tumor development. For the latter reason, this review focuses on etiology, pathophysiology and risk factors for renal neoplasm. Methods. A literature search using the databases Medscape, Pubmed, UpToDate and EBSCO from 1945 to 2015. Results and Conclusions. Genetic predisposition/hereditary disorders, obesity, smoking, various nephrotoxic industrial chemicals, drugs and natural/manmade radioactivity all contribute and enviromental risks are a serious concern in terms of prevention and the need to screen populations at risk. Apropos treatment, current oncological research is directed to blocking cancer cell division and inhibiting angiogenesis based on a knowledge of molecular pathways.

Thymoquinone attenuates phosphorylation of AKT to inhibit kidney cancer cell proliferation

“…Burden of cancer is increasing globally where renal carcinoma occupies a substantial share in total cancer cases diagnosed worldwide. The incidence of renal cancer is on a constant upsurge due to multifactorial causes (Petejova & Martinek, ). Present studies on cancer are directed to stall cancer cell proliferation and inhibit metastasis employing the knowledge of molecular pathways (Gadgeel, ).…”

“…The incidence of renal cancer is on a constant upsurge due to multifactorial causes (Petejova & Martinek, 2016). Present studies on cancer are directed to stall cancer cell proliferation and inhibit metastasis employing the knowledge of molecular pathways (Gadgeel, 2018).…”

Collecting Duct Carcinoma: A Rare Entity

“…Many factors are believed to be related to the risk of kidney cell carcinoma such as demographics, smoking, the use of fenacetin, obesity, lack of physical activity, exposure to industrial or environmental agents, hypertension, hyperglycemia and hyper-triglyceridemia, and also blood concentrations of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP). The risk of RCC increases in obesity, approximately 20-35% higher for every 5 kg /m2 of higher BMI (Petejova & Martinek, 2016).…”

“…Although the CDC behavior and immunohistochemical properties are similar to urothelial carcinoma (UC), both have a distinct genetic pattern. The cytogenetic profiles of the CDC are associated with the chromosomal DNA losses at 8p, 16p, 1p, and 9p, and gains at 13q (Shuch et al, 2015;Harbin et al, 2015;Petejova & Martinek, 2016). Both macroscopically and microscopically, the invasive UC growth pattern gives an appearance similar to the CDC.…”

Prognostic value of C-reactive protein/albumin ratio in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents 5% and 3% of the malignancies in males and females respectively, is the most common neoplasm of kidney [1][2][3]. In spite of the development of diagnosis and treatment for RCC, like abdominal ultrasound, computerized tomography, surgical methods improvement, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the patient's prognosis is still poor in the longterm, given 40% patients will eventually relapse and distal metastasis [3,4].…”