Renal cell carcinoma in relation to cigarette smoking: Meta-analysis of 24 studies

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 3% of adult deaths from cancer. The risk factors for its development are still under intense investigation. Although tobacco smoke is a risk factor, the data are inconsistent and the extent of the increased risk is unclear. Estimates from 19 case-control and 5 cohort studies were used. The case-control reports included 8,032 cases and 13,800 controls; the cohort estimates were based on 1,457,754 participants with 1,326 cases of RCC. The relative risk (RR) for RCC for ever smokers as compared to lifetime never smokers was 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27-1.50). The RR for male smokers was 1.54 (95% CI = 1.42-1.68) and for female smokers was 1.22 (95% CI = 1.09-1.36). For men and women there was a strong dose-dependent increase in risk. Ever smoker men who had smoked 1-9, 10-20 or 21 or more cigarettes/day had a RR of 1.60 (95% CI = 1.21-2.12), 1.83 (95% CI = 1.30-2.57), or 2.03 (95% CI = 1.51-2.74), respectively. For women, the relative risks were 0.98 (95% CI = 0.71-1.35), 1.38 (95% CI = 0.90-2.11), or 1.58 (95% CI = 1.14-2.20), respectively. The advantages of smoking cessation were confirmed by a reduction in RR for those who had quit smoking for >10 years as compared to those who had quit for 1-10 years. Inhaled tobacco smoke is clearly implicated in the etiology of RCC, with a strong dose-dependent increase in risk associated with numbers of cigarettes smoked per day and a substantial reduction in risk for long-term former smokers.

Alcoholic beverages and risk of renal cell cancer

“…However, inverse associations between alcohol intake and risk of renal cell cancer observed in prospective studies (Nicodemus et al, 2004;Mahabir et al, 2005;Rashidkhani et al, 2005;Lee et al, 2006Lee et al, , 2007 suggest that our results are not fully explained by such bias. Even though cigarette smoking is a risk factor for renal cell cancer (Hunt et al, 2005), it did not confound the associations with alcoholic beverages in our study.…”

Mortality of Urinary Tract Cancer in Inner Mongolia 2008-2012

“…The higher rates of urinary tract cancer mortality may reflect the greater prevalence of tobacco smoking among men, as well as low vegetable's consumption habit among men. Indeed, tobacco smoking is the most widely recognized risk factor for urinary tract cancer (Hunt et al, 2005;Yaris et al, 2006). Similarly, low vegetable's consumption is also a risk factor for urinary tract cancer (Ahmadi et al, 2012).…”

A functional epidermal growth factor (EGF) polymorphism, EGF serum levels and renal cell carcinoma risk in a Chinese population

“…3,4 Cigarette smoking, for example, doubles the risk for RCC and contributes to as much as one-third of all cases, yet only a fraction of smokers and a low number of nonsmokers develop RCC. 5 This suggests that interindividual differences including genetic susceptibility in critical genes may have an important role in RCC carcinogenesis.…”