Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated With HIV/AIDS: A Review of the Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), one of the most common genitourinary tumors, is induced by many factors, primarily smoking, obesity, and hypertension. As a non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may also play a critical role in the incidence and progression of RCC. It is evident that individuals who are infected with HIV are more likely than the general population to develop RCC. The age of RCC diagnosis among HIV-positive patients is younger than among HIV-negative individuals. However, many other characteristics remain unknown. With the increase in RCC incidence among HIV-infected patients, more research is being conducted to discover the relationship between RCC and HIV, especially with regard to HIV-induced immunodeficiency, diagnosis, and treatment. Unexpectedly, the majority of the literature suggests that there is no relationship between RCC and HIV-induced immunodeficiency. Nonetheless, differences in pathology, symptoms, or treatment in HIV-positive patients diagnosed with RCC are a focus. In this review, we summarize the association of RCC with HIV in terms of epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment.

HIV-1 Proteins gp120 and Tat Promote Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Invasiveness of HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Neoplastic Genital and Oral Epithelial Cells

“…The incidence of HPV-associated anal, cervical, and oropharyngeal cancer is 80, 22, and 6 times higher, respectively, in HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected individuals ( 2 – 4 ). HIV may also be a risk factor for HPV-negative oral, head and neck, liver, lung, testicular, and kidney cancer ( 5 – 9 ).…”

Assessment of eligibility criteria in renal cell carcinoma trials evaluating systemic therapy

“…Infection with HIV has long been considered an enrolment risk and has thus remained a prominent exclusion criterion in oncology trials, as outlined by the ASCO-FCR consensus statement [6]. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the management of patients with cancer and comorbid HIV can yield similar outcomes to those of general population with a carefully curated approach of cancer treatment integrated with ART [13]. Specifically, this has been shown in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma and lung cancer, among other malignancies [14,15].…”

Molecular Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Disease of Oropharyngeal Mucosal Epithelium

“…Although anti-HPV vaccination strategies are effective in preventing virus infection, the value of this approach is limited in people living with HIV (PLWH) because most of these individuals have experienced multiple HPV exposures. HIV-1 may also be a risk factor associated with head and neck as well as HPV-negative oral cancer [201][202][203][204][205].…”