While the allegorical drama of the Dutch rederijkers has received increasing attention from English-speaking critics, much less attention has been paid to the refreinen that often accompanied the plays on festival occasions. This is despite the fact that the refreins were held in high esteem by the rederijkers themselves, and even regarded as the greatest culmination of their literary principles. To redress this oversight, we offer fresh translations of three of these texts, taken from one of the most noted of the rhetorijckfeesten. This is the first time that these poems have been translated into English.Over the past twenty years or so, English-language scholarship has gained a new appreciation of the vibrant theatrical culture of the rederijkerskamers. These 'chambers of rhetoric' -lay fraternities comprised chiefly of middle-class citizens who styled themselves rederijkers or 'rhetoricians' -proliferated across the cities of the Low Countries in the later Middle Ages. The dramas they produced for civic and religious occasions, and for the contests known as landjuwelen in Brabant and rhetorijckfeesten in Holland and Flanders, have become increasingly familiar to critics working in English. A number of studies have outlined the history and structure of these organisations, from the pioneering work of Georg Kernodle in the 1940s, to a more recent essay-collection edited by Elsa Strietman and Peter Happé.1 The chambers' relationship to wider movements, such as Protestantism, humanism and the devotio moderna, has also been closely documented.2 Perhaps most importantly, a number of good translations have enabled English readers to access the rederijker drama directly.
3Such efforts have succeeded in bringing about a new awareness of the rederijkers among English critics. This can be witnessed in the tendency among some commentators to see English urban drama in the context of its Dutch counterpart, conceiving the two as 'part of a shared culture'. 4 The same awareness is also evident in a recent edition of Everyman, which directly tackles the persistent view that the play is 'thoroughly English in spirit', emphasising its provenance in the Flemish chambers.5 In short, recent scholarship has done much to overturn the older view that 'Holland...had nothing significant' in terms of drama. 6 In the place of this attitude, a fuller understanding of the fertile milieu of the rederijkers has emerged among anglophone critics.However, while this activity is in every respect commendable, it has tended to concentrate fairly narrowly on one aspect of the rederijkers' output. It has focused almost exclusively on the spelen, or stage-plays, produced by the chambers. This has the inevitable but unfortunate effect of marginalising other types of performance associated with the groups. One form of that has been especially overshadowed in English scholarship is the refrein, a variety of rhyming declamation which attained special prominence during the sixteenth century.7 Only a handful of refreinen have