Removal of viruses from water by sorption on coal

Oza, Pushpavadan P.; Chaudhuri, Malay

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(75)90061-5

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Compared with other available sorption material, such as carbonbased media, clay minerals, metal oxides/hydroxides and activated carbon, LDH demonstrates substaintially higher removal efficiency and capacity. For example, Oza and Chaudhuri [16][17][18] found that bituminous coal could only remove 70% of bacteriophages (T4 and MS2) from an aqueous solution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of bacteria and viruses from waters using layered double hydroxide nanocomposites

Jin

Fallgren

Morris

et al. 2007

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

101

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We have identified synthetic layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanocomposites as an effective group of material for removing bacteria and viruses from water. In this study, LDH nanocomposites were synthesized and tested for removing biological contaminants. LDH was used to remove MS2 and fX174 (indicator viruses), and Escherichia coli (an indicator bacterium) from synthetic groundwater and to remove mixed communities of heterotrophic bacteria from raw river water. Our results indicate that LDH composed of magnesium-aluminium or zinc-aluminium has a viral and bacterial adsorption efficiency X99% at viral concentrations between 5.9 Â 10 6 and 9.1 Â 10 6 plaque forming units (pfu)/L and bacterial concentrations between 1.6 Â 10 10 and 2.6 Â 10 10 colony forming units (cfu)/L when exposed to LDH in a slurry suspension system. Adsorption densities of viruses and bacteria to LDH in suspension ranged from 1.4 Â 10 10 to 2.1 Â 10 10 pfu/kg LDH and 3.2 Â 10 13 -5.2 Â 10 13 cfu/kg LDH, respectively. We also tested the efficiency of LDH in removing heterotrophic bacteria from raw river water. While removal efficiencies were still high (87-99%), the adsorption capacities of the two kinds of LDH were 4-5 orders of magnitude lower than when exposed to synthetic groundwater, depending on if the LDH was in suspension or a packed column, respectively. r

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of bacteria and viruses from waters using layered double hydroxide nanocomposites

Jin

Fallgren

Morris

et al. 2007

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

101

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“…Pervious studies have suggested that some materials such as coal‐based media, clay minerals, metal oxides–hydroxides, and activated carbon could be used for virus removal. For example, 70% of bacteriophages (T4 and MS2) were removed from an aqueous solution by bituminous coal (Oza and Chaudhuri, 1975, 1976). Gupta and Chaudhuri (1995) reported that some coal‐based media (bituminous coal and lignite treated with aluminum or ferric hydroxide) have very high sorption capacities for polioviruses and that sorption by these materials is very rapid.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sorption of MS2 Bacteriophage to Layered Double Hydroxides

et al. 2003

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Batch sorption and column breakthrough studies were conducted to investigate the potential of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to remove bacteriophage MS2 from contaminated waters. All four of the LDHs evaluated in this study had very high retention capacities for MS2. Sorption results showed that MS2 could be completely removed from 5.2 x 10(2) plaque-forming units (pfu)/mL solution by Mg-Al LDH 2 (i.e., 2:1 Mg to Al ratio LDH), with the highest sorption capacity observed in this study of 1.51 x 10(10) pfu/g. Attachment of MS2 to LDHs was a rapid process and reached quasi-equilibrium after a 1-h reaction time. Within the pH range studied (pH 4-9), Mg-Al LDH 2 showed high sorption potential for MS2 at all pH values but sorption decreased slightly with increasing solution pH. Background solution anions influenced virus sorption, with SO4(2-) and HPO4(2-) decreasing sorption significantly whereas the presence of NO3- had little effect on the attachment of MS2 to Mg-Al LDH 2. The addition of another virus (phiX174) only caused a slight decrease in the retention of MS2 by Mg-Al LDH 2, suggesting that there was insignificant competitive sorption between MS2 and phiX174 on LDH surfaces. Results from column experiments indicate that there was no MS2 breakthrough from columns packed with Mg-Al LDH 2-coated sand, suggesting complete MS2 retention at the virus concentration tested. The high mass recovery by beef extract solution revealed that the removal of viruses by the LDH was due to sorption of MS2 to LDH surfaces, rather than inactivation.

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“…Batch adsorption tests have confirmed that microorganisms adsorb exclusively to the exterior surface of GAC due to pore size exclusion (24,25,27), but they do not provide information that is sufficient to predict removal rates in columns. Mass transfer models can be used to characterize chemical removal with GAC in packed beds, but they do not provide detailed information concerning particle removal mechanisms.…”

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confidence: 99%

Measurement of Biocolloid Collision Efficiencies for Granular Activated Carbon by Use of a Two-Layer Filtration Model

Paramonova

Zerfoss

Logan

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Point-of-use filters containing granular activated carbon (GAC) are an effective method for removing certain chemicals from water, but their ability to remove bacteria and viruses has been relatively untested. Collision efficiencies (␣) were determined using clean-bed filtration theory for two bacteria (Raoutella terrigena 33257 and Escherichia coli 25922), a bacteriophage (MS2), and latex microspheres for four GAC samples. These GAC samples had particle size distributions that were bimodal, but only a single particle diameter can be used in the filtration equation. Therefore, consistent with previous reports, we used a particle diameter based on the smallest diameter of the particles (derived from the projected areas of 10% of the smallest particles). The bacterial collision efficiencies calculated using the filtration model were high (0.8 < ␣ < 4.9), indicating that GAC was an effective capture material. Collision efficiencies greater than unity reflect an underestimation of the collision frequency, likely as a result of particle roughness and wide GAC size distributions. The collision efficiencies for microspheres (0.7 < ␣ < 3.5) were similar to those obtained for bacteria, suggesting that the microspheres were a reasonable surrogate for the bacteria. The bacteriophage collision efficiencies ranged from >0.2 to <0.4. The predicted levels of removal for 1-cm-thick carbon beds ranged from 0.8 to 3 log for the bacteria and from 0.3 to 1.0 log for the phage. These tests demonstrated that GAC can be an effective material for removal of bacteria and phage and that GAC particle size is a more important factor than relative stickiness for effective particle removal.Microbial contamination of drinking water is a major health problem in many areas around the world (8, 9). Because conventional water treatment technologies are often not available in places with the greatest water contamination problems, the World Health Organization has proposed that point-of-use (POU) water treatment devices are the most efficient solution to the problem (33). Many POU devices rely on adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC) as a mechanism for removal of contaminants. In order for POU water treatment to be successful, the GAC must be effective in removing both chemical and microbial contaminants from the water. While GAC is widely known to be effective for decolorization, dechlorination, and chemical removal (14, 15, 17, 31), the efficiency of this material for removal of bacteria and viruses is relatively unknown.The methods used to characterize the relative adhesion of bacteria and viruses to GAC range from batch adsorption tests to column tests. Batch adsorption tests have confirmed that microorganisms adsorb exclusively to the exterior surface of GAC due to pore size exclusion (24, 25, 27), but they do not provide information that is sufficient to predict removal rates in columns. Mass transfer models can be used to characterize chemical removal with GAC in packed beds, but they do not provide detailed information concerning ...

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Removal of viruses from water by sorption on coal

Cited by 29 publications

References 3 publications

Removal of bacteria and viruses from waters using layered double hydroxide nanocomposites

Removal of bacteria and viruses from waters using layered double hydroxide nanocomposites

Sorption of MS2 Bacteriophage to Layered Double Hydroxides

Measurement of Biocolloid Collision Efficiencies for Granular Activated Carbon by Use of a Two-Layer Filtration Model

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