Removal of virus to protozoan sized particles in point-of-use ceramic water filters

Bielefeldt, Angela R.; Kowalski, Kate; Schilling, Cherylynn; Schreier, Simon; Kohler, Amanda; Summers, R. Scott

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.043

Cited by 62 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Apparently, a threefold increase in flow rate e and thus shorter residence time in the ceramic element e does not have an effect on the removal of E. coli. This confirms that mechanical screening is the main mechanism for E. coli removal (Bielefeldt et al, 2010) as opposed to processes like adsorption and diffusion into dead-end pores. Also, the uniform LRV between the high flow filters suggests that (effective) pore sizes are not increased by increasing the rice husk content from 11 to 14 kg.…”

supporting

confidence: 69%

High flow ceramic pot filters

Halem

Laan

Soppe³

et al. 2017

Water Research

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a b s t r a c tCeramic pot filters are considered safe, robust and appropriate technologies, but there is a general consensus that water revenues are limited due to clogging of the ceramic element. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of high flow ceramic pot filters to produce more water without sacrificing their microbial removal efficacy.High flow pot filters, produced by increasing the rice husk content, had a higher initial flow rate (6 e19 L h À1 ), but initial LRVs for E. coli of high flow filters was slightly lower than for regular ceramic pot filters. This disadvantage was, however, only temporarily as the clogging in high flow filters had a positive effect on the LRV for E. coli (from below 1 to 2e3 after clogging). Therefore, it can be carefully concluded that regular ceramic pot filters perform better initially, but after clogging, the high flow filters have a higher flow rate as well as a higher LRV for E. coli. To improve the initial performance of new high flow filters, it is recommended to further utilize residence time of the water in the receptacle, since additional E. coli inactivation was observed during overnight storage. Although a relationship was observed between flow rate and LRV of MS2 bacteriophages, both regular and high flow filters were unable to reach over 2 LRV.

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supporting

confidence: 69%

High flow ceramic pot filters

Halem

Laan

Soppe³

et al. 2017

Water Research

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“…It is indicated that less porous ceramic filters could remove microorganisms efficiently. The pore sizes of ceramic water filters determine the ability to remove particles and pathogens from water [14]. As indicated in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clay Ceramic Filter for Water Treatment

Zereffa¹,

Bekalo²

2017

Materials Science and Applied Chemistry

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-Ceramic water filters were prepared from different proportions of kaolin and soft wood and sintered at 900 °C, 950 °C, and 1000 °C. The flow rate, conductivity, pH of filtered water and removal efficiency (microbial, water hardness agent's, nitrite and turbidity) were analysed. The ceramic filter with 15 % saw dust, 80 % clay and 5 % grog that was fired at temperature of 950 °C or 1000 °C showed the best removal efficiency. Statistical ANOVA tests showed a significant difference between ceramic filters with various compositions in their removal efficiencies.

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“…While other, non-climatic factors such as demography and behavior might also affect future incidence of diarrhea attributable to each of these pathogens, the differential response of different pathogen taxa to weather has implications for adaptation strategies. For example, water treatment technologies such as ceramic water filters, which are effective against bacteria (Brown & Sobsey, 2010) and cryptosporidium (Bielefeldt et al, 2010) but less so against viruses might be preferred over chlorination, which is ineffective against protozoan. Mechanistic systems-based approaches would allow researchers to predict the microbial effectiveness, filter prevalence and compliance rates needed to mitigate current (Mellor et al, 2014) and future disease transmission, incorporating meteorological as well as social and demographic data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning for climate change: The need for mechanistic systems-based approaches to study climate change impacts on diarrheal diseases

Mellor

Lévy

Zimmerman

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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Increased precipitation and temperature variability as well as extreme events related to climate change are predicted to affect the availability and quality of water globally. Already heavily burdened with diarrheal diseases due to poor access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities, communities throughout the developing world lack the adaptive capacity to sufficiently respond to the additional adversity caused by climate change. Studies suggest that diarrhea rates are positively correlated with increased temperature, and show a complex relationship with precipitation. Although climate change will likely increase rates of diarrheal diseases on average, there is a poor mechanistic understanding of the underlying disease transmission processes and substantial uncertainty surrounding current estimates. This makes it difficult to recommend appropriate adaptation strategies. We review the relevant climate-related mechanisms behind transmission of diarrheal disease pathogens and argue that systems-based mechanistic approaches incorporating human, engineered and environmental components are urgently needed. We then review successful systems-based approaches used in other environmental health fields and detail one modeling framework to predict climate change impacts on diarrheal diseases and design adaptation strategies.

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Removal of virus to protozoan sized particles in point-of-use ceramic water filters

Cited by 62 publications

References 22 publications

High flow ceramic pot filters

High flow ceramic pot filters

Clay Ceramic Filter for Water Treatment

Planning for climate change: The need for mechanistic systems-based approaches to study climate change impacts on diarrheal diseases

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