“…The main pollutants found in water include antibiotics, 5 fertilizers, pesticides, 6 heavy metal ions, 7 organic dyes, 8 and other harmful substances. 6,9,10 To solve these pollutants, researchers have developed a variety of purification methods, including membrane separation, 11 adsorption, 12 biodegradation, 13 chemical precipitation, 14 and photocatalysis, 15,16 among which photocatalysis has been widely studied due to its attractive advantages, including high efficiency, simple operation, complete degradation, and environmental friendliness. 17 The technology of photocatalysis has gained deep and extensive interest since its discovery.…”