Removal of Patent Blue (V) Dye Using Indian Bael Shell Biochar: Characterization, Application and Kinetic Studies

Abstract

The prospective utilization of bael shell (Aegle marmelos) as an agro-waste for the production of biochar was investigated along with its characterization and application for the abatement of hazardous aqueous Patent Blue (PB) dye solution. The sorptive removal of PB on bael shell biochar (BSB) was investigated under the following operational conditions: (pH, 2.7–10.4; biochar dosage, 2–12 g/L; and contact time, 0–60 min). The removal efficiency of PB by BSB in a batch adsorption experiment was 74% (pH 2.7 and 30 ± 5 °C). In addition, a clear relationship between the adsorption and pH of the solution was noticed and the proposed material recorded a maximum sorption capacity of 3.7 mg/g at a pH of 2.7. The adsorption of PB onto BSB was best explained by the pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.972), thereby asserting the predominant role of chemisorption. The active role of multiple surface-active functionalities present on BSB during PB sorption was elucidated with the help of Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.968). Further, an adsorption mechanism was proposed by utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Adsorption of Patent Blue V from Textile Industry Wastewater Using Sterculia alata Fruit Shell Biochar: Evaluation of Efficiency and Mechanisms

“…It is noteworthy to mention that the functional groups present in Sterculia alata biochar had a significant influence on the pHz values. The ∆pHz for Sterculia alata biochar was found to be 8.0, and this value is close to the value reported by Roy et al [17] for Bael shell biochar (8.8). In that study, the authors reported that the cationic contaminants can be adsorbed on Bael shell biochar when the pH value is greater than the pHz, while anionic compounds can be adsorbed at pH < pHz.…”

“…Similar results were obtained by [20,[30][31][32]. Roy et al [17] studied the adsorption of PB by the modified bael shell biochar (BSB) in the pH range of 2.7 to 10.4, and maximum sorption was perceived at pH 2.7. The percentage adsorption values of PB at seven of the tested initial pH values (i.e., 2.7, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9.2 and 10.4) were 74%, 62%, 58%, 55%, 47%, 40% and 39%, respectively.…”

“…Nowadays, the application of biochar for wastewater treatment is being explored by different researchers [2]. The major advantage of biochar is its low cost of production, because it is generally produced using agro waste and it provides relatively good adsorption capacity [15], durability, and it may be regenerated and used multiple times [16,17]. Biochar is usually produced using pyrolysis of the biomass.…”

The enhancement of reactive red 24 adsorption from aqueous solution using agricultural waste-derived biochar modified with ZnO nanoparticles

“…4 The fall in the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents for anionic dyes when raising the solution pH from acidic to alkaline was similar to that in the other studies. 2,3,17 Therefore, it can be concluded that a pH 3 was optimal for the adsorption of RR24 onto SBB-ZnO3 and CRHB-ZnO3, and the electrostatic attraction was the main mechanism for RR24 adsorption onto the biochars. Besides, there was also the contribution of pore lling, p-p interaction, and hydrogen bonding formation mechanisms in the adsorption process of RR24 onto the biochars.…”

“…15,16 Among adsorbents, biochars generated from agricultural wastes have widely been used to remove different pollutants. For example, bael shell (Aegle marmelos)-derived biochar was used for the treatment of patent blue dye 17 and corncob-derived biochar was employed for the removal of ammonia from simulated wastewater. 18 Out of agricultural wastes, cassava root husks (CRHs) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) have been widely used to produce biochars as low-cost non-toxic adsorbents for the removal of various pollutants from wastewater.…”