“…NAs are corrosive and acutely toxic to both aquatic and terrestrial species, including bacteria, yeast, earthworms, fish, mammals, and both aquatic and terrestrial plants (Armstrong et al, 2008;Clemente et al, 2003;Frank et al, 2009Frank et al, , 2008Holowenko et al, 2002;Nero et al, 2006;Peters et al, 2007;Rogers et al, 2002;Sarathy et al, 2002;Scott et al, 2008;Thomas et al, 2009). NAs can be degraded under aerobic conditions; however, many NAs are persistent and remain in the wastewater systems even after biotreatment (Clemente and Fedorak, 2005;Del Rio et al, 2006;Quagraine et al, 2005a;Scott et al, 2005;Misiti, 2012;Misiti et al, 2012).…”