Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater Using Periodiated Modified Nanocellulose

Abstract

The study was focused on the preparation and characterizations of sodium periodate-modified nanocellulose (NaIO4-NC) prepared from Eichhornia crassipes for the removal of cationic methylene blue (MB) dye from wastewater (WW). A chemical method was used for the preparation of NaIO4-NC. The prepared NaIO4-NC adsorbent was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) instruments. Next, it was tested to the adsorption of MB dye from WW using batch experiments. The adsorption process was performed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models with maximum adsorption efficiency (qmax) of 90.91 mg·g−1 and percent color removal of 78.1% at optimum 30 mg·L−1, 60 min., 1 g, and 8 values of initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose, and solution pH, respectively. Pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model was well fitted for the adsorption of MB dye through the chemisorption process. The adsorption process was spontaneous and feasible from the thermodynamic study because the Gibbs free energy value was negative. After adsorption, the decreased values for physicochemical parameters of WW were observed in addition to the color removal. From the regeneration study, it is possible to conclude that NaIO4-NC adsorbent was recyclable and reused as MB dye adsorption for 13 successive cycles without significant efficient loss.

Removal of Anionic and Cationic Dyes Present in Solution Using Biomass of Eichhornia crassipes as Bioadsorbent

“…After the adsorption of GV and PR with both bioadsorbents ( Figure 9 ) it was possible to notice that all the peaks disappeared exception of the signals at 14.7 and 21.9°, this effect is assigned to crystallinity increment of the materials increases [ 34 , 48 , 49 ]. The lattice parameters were also shown in Table 12 .…”

“…However, this behavior is more noticeable for the adsorption carried out by WLW for both dyes ( Figure 11 a,c) contrary, for the removal carried out with NWL, this interaction between the functional groups on the surface of the biomaterials and the dye is less ( Figure 11 b,d) specifically with PR due to its anionic nature, causing repulsion forces between the surface and the dye. With WLW, which favors the adsorption of a cationic dye, attractive forces are produced that benefit its adsorption [ 34 , 38 , 48 ].…”

“…By determining the isoelectric point of the bioadsorbent (WLW, 6.5 and NWL, 4.74) and knowing the pH of PR and GV solutions (8.26 and 3.5, respectively), expected to have a negatively charged surface (pH sol > pH pzc ) for the adsorption of both dyes except for GV removal using WLW (pH sol < pH pzc ), where there is a positively charged surface [ 5 , 11 , 34 , 49 ]. The removal of PR with WLW is not complete because there are repulsive forces involved in the process.…”

“…UV-Vis spectrophotometry (VELAB VE-5000, City of Mexico, Mexico) was used to analyze the concentration of the different dyes present in the solution. The amount of dye removed by the adsorbent at equilibrium, q e , was obtained with the following expression [ 34 , 49 ]: where C 0 and C e are the initial concentration and in equilibrium (mg/L), V is the volume of solution (L) and m is the mass of WL (g). The removal percentage, %R, was calculated as follows [ 34 , 49 ]: …”

“…Different adsorbents have been synthesized for the removal of dyes from clays such as SBA-15, Bentonite, and other materials [ 2 , 4 , 17 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], up to the manufacture of activated carbon from different sources, however, there are large losses and high operating costs due to the possibility of pore blockage, hydroscoping, and incineration when using high temperatures [ 5 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. These drawbacks have encouraged several researchers to study other cheap, abundant materials that have similar efficiency to materials synthesized by chemical processes, therefore the use of agro-industrial residues was considered, which are cheap and, easily available materials that only need a simple pretreatment and are materials with properties that can be exploited in another industry as well as being good candidates for the adsorption of various contaminants [ 8 , 12 , 14 , 19 , 22 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. These materials are mainly constituted by lignocellulosic groups, peels of various fruits and vegetables furthermore, these materials have been used as adsorbents of various dyes including PR and GV with good results [ 4 , 5 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 33 , 35 , 36 ].…”