Removal of malodorant skatole by two enriched microbial consortia: Performance, dynamic, function prediction and bacteria isolation

On Enrichment Culturing and Transferring Technique

“…Culture medium composition for microorganisms is fundamentally important to the success of enrichment and culturing. To isolate microorganism capable of degrading any selective organic pollutant, the organic chemical of concern shall be the sole source of carbon and energy in the medium for heterotrophic microorganisms, but another carbon source is included in the cultural medium in many studies to allow easy positive results on microorganisms (Ma et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021). As a result, the proliferation of microorganisms in the culture medium cannot be those responsible for utilizing the organic environmental pollutants.…”

“…For many environmental pollutants, water solubility of them is a major limiting factor to allow high concentration achieved in cultural media (Ji et al,2020a;2020b;2020b;Zhou et al, 2019), and, as a result, bioaccumulation in organisms and animals, and biomagnification through the food chain transfer are often observed (Gu, 2019). The specific concentration used in cultural media is far exceeding the solubility of them in water in many publications (Ma et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021) and the determination of concen- tration during incubation becomes less reliable or inaccurate to show the indicative degradation as claimed. This factor has not been addressed carefully in a large number of the publications in environmental science and engineering.…”

“…Since the target chemical is used at a relatively constant concentration in each enrichment transfers, this allows the enrichment transfers to firmly establish that the selected microorganisms showing a population growth use the candidate substrate effectively, not the carried over from the inoculum to support the biomass or interfere with the observed results (Figure 2). This series of transferring steps is mostly missing from many investigations unfortunately (Ma et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021). This shall be a major emphasis on educating the young researchers to full grasp the meaning of the enrichment and transferring technique to better conduct their research efficient and scientifically to serve the science.…”

“…This is also true in environ-mental microbiology when degradation of toxic pollutants is the research objective, but the toxicants as both substrate for microbial growth and also toxic chemical must be balanced for the identification of the concentration range feasible for enrichment culturing. Many degradation studies of pollutants frequently mention the use of enrichment culturing technique in the research and results, but the meaningful application and an adequate understanding of the technique in practice are apparently lack or weak in many of them on microbial transformation (Ma et al, 2020;Gu, 2016). The challenges with non-visible microorganisms, fungi, bacteria, and archaea are apparently their smaller sizes than animals and plants, and sophisticated instrumentation or analytical techniques are required to detect the selective one from the general population.…”

Pseudomonas sp Isolated from Wastewater and their Interaction with Microalgae

“…The joint use of bacteria with C. vulgaris extract or immobilize toxic compounds, leaving the substance unavailable to organisms and preventing them from being affected. It is also important to highlight that bacteria are functionally important in pollutant biotransformation processes and offer resources for their application in bioremediation, as well as achieving various socioeconomic advantages through the use of this process, in particular the environmental advantages of bioenergetics and the economic and social benefits of the economic valorization of wastewater (Ma et al, 2020;Rajhi et al, 2020). This study aimed to identify bacteria present in wastewater and to analyze their interaction with C. vulgaris to promote their phytoremediation.…”