Removal of Iodine for Spacecraft Applications

Packham, N.J.C.; Brasseaux, Hubert J.; Rotter, Hank A.; Chhipwadia, Ketan S.; Sauer, Richard L.; Veselka, D.

doi:10.4271/1999-01-2118

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…This precipitate does not have any biocidal properties and could cause flow stoppage in the system. 18 Therefore, silver has to be added to the water after iodine is filtered to keep bacterial inhibition and make the water compatible with the Russian supply (sharing water in space may be crucial in some circumstances). Furthermore, the removal of iodine on the ISS employs an activated carbon-ion exchange bed connected to the water dispenser, reducing the iodine level to low concentrations that meet the 1 mg/day iodine intake limit for humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dialysis-based Passive Biocide Delivery System: An Exploratory Analysis on the Development of a Silver Dosing Alternative for Spacecraft Potable Water Systems

Garcia Fernandez

2024

Preprint

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This paper describes the use of a dialysis-based passive dosing system for silver ion delivery as a biocide for potable water systems in spacecraft and extraterrestrial bases. A silver dosing device has been developed for continuous water treatment, based on the International Space Station Water Processor Assembly framework. The Passive Biocide Delivery System is designed to supply a stream of product water with silver ions at a concentration range of 200-400 ppb, using a membrane to control dosing. Potable water with these silver concentrations can be safely consumed by humans. The dialysis approach is attractive since it does not require additional energy nor high pressure to function. Computational Transport Phenomena has been implemented to study the performance of the membrane setup at particular operational conditions and guide the choice of membrane properties. The results suggest that the dosing device can release silver ions at the target levels for at least eight hours without excessive silver salt consumption. This paper contains technical background and preliminary results from the Passive Biocide Delivery System development and presents the benefits and challenges of its implementations in spacecraft and Lunar/Martian bases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the removal of iodine on the ISS employs an activated carbon-ion exchange bed connected to the water dispenser, reducing the iodine level to low concentrations that meet the 1 mg/day iodine intake limit for humans. 18 Consequently, the iodine-based PBDS increases the ISS WPA complexity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dialysis-based Passive Biocide Delivery System: An Exploratory Analysis on the Development of a Silver Dosing Alternative for Spacecraft Potable Water Systems

Garcia Fernandez

2024

Preprint

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“…Heart failure is the fastest-growing clinical cardiac disease burden in the United States, affecting 2% of the population, accounting for 34% of cardiovascular-related deaths, and representing 1-2% (~$40 billion) of all health care expenditures. Fourteen percent of the Medicare population has HF but they take up a disproportionate amount of Medicare dollars using~43% of Medicare expenditures [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TRPV1 is a component of the atrial natriuretic signaling complex, and using orally delivered antagonists, presents a valid therapeutic target in the longitudinal reversal and treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

et al. 2018

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Activation of the atrial natriuretic signaling pathway is intrinsic to the pathological responses associated with a range of cardiovascular diseases that stress the heart, especially those involved in sustained cardiac pressure overload which induces hypertrophy and the pathological remodeling that frequently leads to heart failure. We identify transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1, as a regulated molecular component, and therapeutic target of this signaling system. Data show that TRPV1 is a physical component of the natriuretic peptide A, cGMP, PKG signaling complex, interacting with the Natriuretic Peptide Receptor 1 (NPR1), and upon binding its ligand, Natriuretic Peptide A (NPPA, ANP) TRPV1 activation is subsequently suppressed through production of cGMP and PKG mediated phosphorylation of the TRPV1 channel. Further, inhibition of TRPV1, with orally delivered drugs, suppresses chamber and myocyte hypertrophy, and can longitudinally improve in vivo heart function in mice exposed to chronic pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction, reversing pre-established hypertrophy induced by pressure load while restoring chamber function. TRPV1 is a physical and regulated component of the natriuretic peptide signaling system, and TRPV1 inhibition may provide a new treatment strategy for treating, and reversing the loss of function associated with cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

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Co-adaptation of Streptococcus mutans to simulated microgravity and silver nitrate

Fernander,

Spurgeon,

Graves

et al. 2023

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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To sustain life on extended space missions, it is essential to maintain clean potable water. NASA currently uses iodine as the primary biocide in the potable water dispenser on the International Space Station and has recently proposed a potential switch to silver-based antimicrobials. Streptococcus mutans is the primary etiological agent of dental caries, part of the normal oral flora, and would endure direct exposure to water from the potable water dispenser. In our previous work, we examined the 100-day adaptive response of Streptococcus mutans to simulated microgravity (sMG). Here, we examined the evolutionary co-adaptation of S. mutans under sMG and silver nitrate (AgNO3) to evaluate the consequences of using silver as a primary biocide in space and the impact on the evolution of microbes from the oral microbiome. To do this, we adapted four populations of S. mutans under sMG and co-adapted four populations in simulated microgravity and silver nitrate using high-aspect ratio vessels for 100 days. Genomic analysis at multiple time points showed that S. mutans in sMG evolved variants consistent with our previous findings (SMU_1307c and SMU_399) while also acquiring novel mutations in the glutathione reductase gorA. The co-adapted populations showed mutations specific for the environment in ciaH/R, PBP1a, trkA, and trkB. We also assessed virulence phenotypes, and while simulated microgravity increased antibiotic susceptibility, sucrose-dependent adhesion, and, in some populations, acid tolerance, co-adaptation to silver nitrate reversed these effects. Overall, these data show that the use of silver as a biocide in simulated microgravity can evolve strains with novel genotypic and phenotypic traits that could alter virulence.

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Removal of Iodine for Spacecraft Applications

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Dialysis-based Passive Biocide Delivery System: An Exploratory Analysis on the Development of a Silver Dosing Alternative for Spacecraft Potable Water Systems

Dialysis-based Passive Biocide Delivery System: An Exploratory Analysis on the Development of a Silver Dosing Alternative for Spacecraft Potable Water Systems

TRPV1 is a component of the atrial natriuretic signaling complex, and using orally delivered antagonists, presents a valid therapeutic target in the longitudinal reversal and treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

Co-adaptation of Streptococcus mutans to simulated microgravity and silver nitrate

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