Removal of estrogenic compoundsviairon electrocoagulation: impact of water quality and assessment of removal mechanisms

Abstract

The influence of water quality and elucidation of the removal mechanism of estrogenic compounds removal electrocoagulation.

Removal of Estrogenic Compounds from Water Via Energy Efficient Sequential Electrocoagulation-Electrooxidation

“…Estrogenic compounds were spiked into the bulk test solution in methanol volumes that accounted for 0.05% of the total volume. Methanol was used to help dissolve the estrogenic compounds in the solution (Maher et al, 2019b;Tong et al, 2019). It is noted that methanol can act as a free radical scavenger.…”

“…S1, Section S1 in the Supplementary Data). EC and EO experiments were performed in 250-mL glass Berzelius beakers with a 3Dprinted plastic cap designed to fit two electrodes at an interelectrode distance of 1 cm (Naje et al, 2015;Maher et al, 2019aMaher et al, , 2019b. Power was supplied using a benchtop DC power supply (Sorensen XPH75-2D, 300W, 0-75W, 0-2A, dual output, universal input 110VAC to 240VAC).…”

“…All glassware for DOC testing were acid washed in 5% HCl solution and baked at 550°C (Mayer et al, 2019). The iron electrodes were acid washed (2 M sulfuric acid), rinsed with water, washed with Alconox Ò , and wet sanded with 320 grit fine sandpaper (Maher et al, 2019a(Maher et al, , 2019b (Panizza, 2010;Macpherson, 2015), and extremely high oxygen evolution overpotential (Panizza, 2010). BDD electrodes underwent anodic polarization for 10 min in 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 at 50 mA current between each experiment to remove any surface contamination or deposition (Murugananthan et al, 2007).…”

“…Analytical measurements and quality assurance/ quality control The methods for estrogen analysis, sample preparation, spike and recovery experiments, standard curve preparation, limit of detection and limit of quantification determination, and quality assurance/quality control were previously reported (Maher et al, 2019a(Maher et al, , 2019bMayer et al, 2019). Briefly, E1, E2, E3, and EE2 were analyzed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using a Shimadzu LC-MS 2020 (Kyoto, Japan); additional details are provided in Sections S3 and S4 of the Supplementary Data (Supplementary Tables S2 and S3).…”

“…EC is the in situ generation of a metal oxide coagulant via the dissolution of sacrificial electrodes, either iron or aluminum, through the release of metal ions (Fe +2 , Fe +3 , and Al +3 ) (Linares-Hernández et al, 2010;Ö ztürk et al, 2019). Previous studies have found that iron EC is capable of efficiently removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (Dubrawski and Mohseni, 2013;Ulu et al, 2014), but EC is not an efficient treatment method for estrogenic compound removal (Maher et al, 2019b).…”