Removal of engineered nanoparticles in drinking water treatment processes

Abstract

We passed through earth lightly as water, said Antonio Setzu, as water flowing, springs, from the dip full of the fountain, slides and winds among moss and ferns, down to the roots of the cork oak and almond trees or slips down on the stones, through the mountains and the hills up to the plan, from the streams to the river, slows down towards the swamps and the sea, called by the sun to become vapour and wind dominated cloud and blessed rain. Apart from the madness of killing each other for irrelevant reasons, we were happy. The plants and swamps were fertile, mountains rich of pasture and springs. The food was not lacking even in the years of famine. We did a blood-colored wine, sweet on the palate, and a bearer of happy dreams. On the seventh day of the folding oaks wind month we used met all the nations around the sacred spring, and for seven days and seven nights we ate, drank, we sang and danced in honor of Is. Singing, playing, dancing, grow, harvest, milking, carving, melting, kill, die, singing, playing, dancing was our life. We were happy, apart from the madness of killing each other for insignificant reasons. Passavamo sulla terra leggeri come acqua, disse Antonio Setzu, come acqua che scorre, salta, giù dalla conca piena della fonte, scivola e serpeggia fra muschi e felci, fino alle radici delle sughere e dei mandorli o scende scivolando sulle pietre, per i monti e i colli fino al piano, dai torrenti al fiume, a farsi lenta verso le paludi e il mare, chiamata in vapore dal sole a diventare nube dominata dai venti e pioggia benedetta. A parte la follia di ucciderci l'un l'altro per motivi irrilevanti, eravamo felici. Le piante e le paludi erano fertili, i monti ricchi di pascolo e fonti. Il cibo non mancava neppure negli anni di carestia. Facevamo un vino colore del sangue, dolce al palato e portatore di sogni allegri. Nel settimo giorno del mese del vento che piega le querce incontravamo tutte le genti attorno alla fonte sacra e per sette giorni e sette notti mangiavamo, bevevamo, cantavamo e danzavamo in onore di Is. Cantare, suonare, danzare, coltivare, raccogliere, mungere, intagliare, fondere, uccidere, morire, cantare, suonare, danzare era la nostra vita. Eravamo felici, a parte la follia di ucciderci l'un l'altro per motivi irrilevanti. Passavamo sulla terra leggeri Sergio Atzeni 2.4.6 Discussion overall filtration behaviour under typical full-scale conditions 78 2.5 Conclusion ________________________________________________________________________ 79 Acknowledgement _________________________________________________________________________ 80 References _________________________________________________________________________________ 81 3 Effect of multicomponent fouling during microfiltration of natural surface waters containing nC60 fullerene nanoparticles _________________________________________________ 85 3.1

Quantifying the Invisible - Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Urban Water Cycle

“…In addition, for both sizes, the uncharged NP showed a higher removal than the carboxylated NP. In contrast to current findings, an almost complete removal was determined experimentally for nano-silver (Gicheva and Yordanov 2013), and for nC60 fullerenes (Floris 2017). In full-scale DWTPs an almost complete removal of MP with a size of approximately 1 µm was found when applying GAC filtration (Pivokonsky et al 2018, Wang et al 2020.…”

“…Settling times of 10 minutes (Volk et al 2000) to 30 minutes (Floris 2017) seem to represent full-scale DWTPs the best. Using a syringe the supernatant (2 cm below the water surface)…”

“…Nevertheless, the here presented results are similar to removal efficiencies determined in laboratory-scale experiments for other nanosized particles. Removal efficiencies of approximately 80% for nano-silver, of more than 90% for TiO2 particles (Chalew et al 2013b) and of more than 80% for nC60 fullerenes (Floris 2017) were reported. Similarly, Lapointe et al (2020) determined removal rates of around 80% for smaller MP (15 and 140 µm) for which settling started instantly and for which removal was highest for weathered MP.…”

Removal of nanoparticles (both inorganic nanoparticles and nanoplastics) in drinking water treatment – coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation, and sand/granular activated carbon filtration

“…For the nanoplastics FeCl 3 concentrations of 12 and 18 mg FeCl 3 /L were applied which is similar to concentrations in full scale DWTPs 16,44,45 and to a previous investigation. 32 In pre-tests it was confirmed that these Fe concentrations sufficiently reduce the water turbidity (2100Q PorTable 6-Turbidimeter, HACH, US) and TOC (LCK380, HACH, US). After adding NPs to the surface water (10 mg L −1 , admixed for 30 minutes at 60 rpm) the actual CFS started.…”

“…The removal of nanoparticles by means of CSF has been described in literature, [32][33][34][35][36][37][38] but studies on sand or GAC (granular activated carbon) filtration are limited. Ramirez Arenas et al [39][40][41] studied the effect of coagulation and filtration over sand or GAC filters on the removal of polystyrene nanoparticles (90 ± 7 nm).…”