“…Oxoanions of hexavalent Cr, Mo, and W are very harmful to living organisms. Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is a cancerogen [257] and is able to modify the DNA transcription process in living cells leading to chromosomal aberrations [258][259][260]. Acute exposure to Cr (VI) compounds causes nausea, diarrhea, kidney, liver, and gastric damage, internal hemorrhage, lung cancer, ulcer formation, and respiratory problems [260][261][262][263].…”