Removal of Cr(VI) and Toxic Ions from Aqueous Solutions and Tannery Wastewater Using Polymer-Clay Composites

Sallam, Abd El-Azeem; Al-Zahrani, Mateb S.; Al-Wabel, Mohammad I.; Al-Farraj, Abdullah S.; Usman, Adel R.A.

doi:10.3390/su9111993

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This process extracts Ce and La and reuses the leaching residue for the production of a synthetic Na-A zeolite (also known as LTA, Linde Type A). Such zeolite is widely used in several industrial and environmental processes, like the adsorption of metals and organics from wastewater and spent solutions, ion-exchange, catalysis, formulation of phosphorus free detergents as water softener and for alkane/alkene separation [30,31]. According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, a circular economy is an economic system where products and services are traded in closed loops, which is regenerative by design, with the aim to retain as much value as possible of products and materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spent FCC E-Cat: Towards a Circular Approach in the Oil Refining Industry

et al. 2018

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Every year the oil refining industry consumes thousand tons of fluid catalytic cracking zeolite from the E-cat generated in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. In the present paper, a new process for recycling of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (FCCCs) is presented. The process, previously tested at laboratory scale, was simulated by SuperPro Designer catalysts (FCCCs, also known as equilibrium catalysts, E-cat), which are mainly landfilled. Their intrinsic value is quite low and the content of rare earth elements (REEs), as lanthanum and cerium oxides, is around 3%wt. Moreover, their reuse in other industrial processes as raw material is very scarce. For each metric ton of spent FCCC treated for recovery of REEs, nearly the same amount of waste is generated from the process, the majority of which is represented by the solid residue resulting from the leaching stage. The manuscript presents a technological study and an economic analysis for the recovery of REEs, as well as the production of synthetic © software package. The plant was designed for a capacity of 4000 metric tons per year. The discounted cash flow (DCF) method was applied and Net Present Value (NPV) equal to about two-million € and Discounted Payback Time (DPBT) equal to two years defined the profitability of the process for recycling of FCCCs. This result depends on the selling price of zeolite. Consequently, a break-even point (BEP) analysis was conducted on this critical variable and the condition of economic feasibility was verified with a price of 1070 €/ton. This study tried to implement recycling strategies towards circular economy models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spent FCC E-Cat: Towards a Circular Approach in the Oil Refining Industry

et al. 2018

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“…In agreement with this, Hassana and Shaban [140] reported that Fe 3+ adsorption onto kaolinite increased with an increase in initial metal ion concentration. Sallam et al [141] in a study to remove Cr 6+ ions from tannery wastewater reported the highest removal ranging from 76.3% to 100% occurring with initial metal ion concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 mg/L. is illustrated that metal ion removal occurred best with relatively high initial concentrations.…”

Section: Adsorption Studiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…e authors reported the adsorption to be best described by the Freundlich model owing to the highest correlation coefficient values for all the studied heavy metal ions (Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ ). Sallam et al [141] used Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkim isotherm models for adsorption of Cr 6+ and reported that the adsorption was best described by the Freundlich model. is meant that the ion adsorbed onto Highest removal was achieved with 3% clay mixture into the polymer matrix [138] heterogeneous areas using different binding energies.…”

Section: Adsorption Isotherm Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Clay-Based Nanocomposites as Adsorbents for the Removal of Heavy Metals

Kinoti

Karanja

Nthiga

et al. 2022

Journal of Chemistry

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Due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and surge in modern human activities, water contamination is a major threat to humanity globally. Contaminants ranging from organic compounds, dyes, to inorganic heavy metals have been of major concern in recent years. This necessitates the development of affordable water remediation technologies to improve water quality. There is a growing interest in nanotechnology recently because of its application in eco-friendly, cost-effective, and durable material production. This study presents a review of recent nanocomposite technologies based on clay, applied in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, and highlights the shortcomings of existing methods. Recently published reports, articles, and papers on clay-based nanocomposites for the removal of heavy metals have been reviewed. Currently, the most common methods utilized in the removal of heavy metals are reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ion exchange, and activated carbon. These methods, however, suffer major shortcomings such as inefficiency when trace amounts of contaminant are involved, uneconomical costs of operation and maintenance, and production of contaminated sludge. The abundance of clay on the Earth’s surface and the ease of modification to improve adsorption capabilities have made it a viable candidate for the synthesis of nanocomposites. Organoclay nanocomposites such as polyacrylamide-bentonite, polyaniline-montmorillonite, and β-cyclodextrin-bentonite have been synthesized for the selective removal of various heavy metals such as Cu2+, Co2+, among others. Bacterial clay nanocomposites such as E. coli kaolinite nanocomposites have also been successfully synthesized and applied in the removal of heavy metals. Low-cost nanocomposites of clay using biopolymers like chitosan and cellulose are especially in demand due to the cumulative abundance of these materials in the environment. A comparative analysis of different synthetic processes to efficiently remove heavy metal contaminants with clay-based nanocomposite adsorbents is made.

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“…In the aforementioned study by applying clinoptilolite as the adsorbent, the removal efficiency order became as Fe > Cd > Ni, each metal has unique electronegativities, ionic size and bond strength affecting the adsorption capacity of this zeolite (Gomes et al, 2001). In this regard, the influence of the initial chromium concentration on removal efficiency can be investigated through a study conducted on the removal of Cr (VI) cation from aqueous solutions and tannery wastewater using Polymer-Clay composites (Sallam, 2017). According to the obtained results, the removal efficiency of Cr (VI) ion decreased with an increase in its initial ionic concentration indicating the occupation of the available binding sites for chromium ions, subsequently, prevention of their further adsorption onto the adsorbent.…”

Section: Batch Type Adsorption Experiments Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Sodalite from Sepiolite by Alkali Fusion Method and Its Application to Remove Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺, and Cd²⁺ from Aqueous Solutions

Kamyab

Modabberi

Williams

et al. 2020

Environmental Engineering Science

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The potential for pure zeolite formation was investigated by using sepiolite as starting material via alkaline fusion method followed by hydrothermal process. NaOH and KOH as activators were chosen for mixing with staring material at 650°C to prepare fused primary alkaline mixture. The fusion step was followed by a hydrothermal process which was performed at determined temperatures of 100, 140, 180, 220°C. Pure sodalite was obtained through synthesis experiments by application of NaOH, and KOH activators, at 140 and 180°C and reaction times of 48 and 72 hours. The XRD, SEM and FT-IR analyses were used to characterize the pure phase. Subsequently, a series of batch experiments were determined to evaluate the pure sodalite capability to remove Fe 3+ , Cr 3+ , and Cd 2+ from aqueous solutions. The results obtained through these adsorption experiments demonstrated that the optimum adsorption of Fe 3+ and Cr 3+ gained at the presence of 0.001M also 0.01M solutions and that of Cd 2+ under the influence of 0.1M solutions. In this regard the maximum adsorption amount through applying 0.001M solutions, has been occurred from 1 to 2 hours for pure sodalite 1 and from 30 minutes to 1 hour for pure sodalite 2. Whereas, by the usage of 0.01M and 0.1M solutions, the most adsorption obtained from 30 minutes to 1 hour, for applying pure sodalite 1 as well as using pure sodalite 2.

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Removal of Cr(VI) and Toxic Ions from Aqueous Solutions and Tannery Wastewater Using Polymer-Clay Composites

Cited by 25 publications

References 35 publications

Spent FCC E-Cat: Towards a Circular Approach in the Oil Refining Industry

Spent FCC E-Cat: Towards a Circular Approach in the Oil Refining Industry

Review of Clay-Based Nanocomposites as Adsorbents for the Removal of Heavy Metals

Synthesis of Sodalite from Sepiolite by Alkali Fusion Method and Its Application to Remove Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺, and Cd²⁺ from Aqueous Solutions

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Removal of Cr(VI) and Toxic Ions from Aqueous Solutions and Tannery Wastewater Using Polymer-Clay Composites

Cited by 25 publications

References 35 publications

Spent FCC E-Cat: Towards a Circular Approach in the Oil Refining Industry

Spent FCC E-Cat: Towards a Circular Approach in the Oil Refining Industry

Review of Clay-Based Nanocomposites as Adsorbents for the Removal of Heavy Metals

Synthesis of Sodalite from Sepiolite by Alkali Fusion Method and Its Application to Remove Fe3+, Cr3+, and Cd2+ from Aqueous Solutions

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Product

Resources

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Synthesis of Sodalite from Sepiolite by Alkali Fusion Method and Its Application to Remove Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺, and Cd²⁺ from Aqueous Solutions