Removal of contaminant metals from fine grained soils, using agglomeration, chloride solutions and pile leaching techniques

Washing enhanced electrokinetic remediation for removal cadmium from real contaminated soil

“…A number of studies have also been conducted to determine the metal extraction efficiency of strong mineral acids, including HNO 3 and HCl [37]. These acids show a significant potential to extract metal ions from the soil.…”

Heavy Metal Toxicity in Soils: Sources, Remediation Technologies and Challenges

“…The metals extracted by this method are recovered from the leachate by using chelating agents, surfactant etc. [6]. In chemical fixation, some reagents are added to the contaminated soils that form insoluble bond with the heavy metals and decrease their mobility in the soils [7].…”

Remediation of Pb-contaminated soils by washing with hydrochloric acid and subsequent immobilization with calcite and allophanic soil

“…Tampouris et al [18] developed a pile leaching method to decontaminate heavy metals contaminated soils, in which a soil was leached with a mixed HCl-CaCl 2 solution and tap water. They reused the solution after heavy metal removal by precipitation and addition of HCl.…”

“…The study by Tampouris et al [18] and studies cited therein showed that keeping the soil agglomerated to attain high hydraulic permeability is crucial for successful columnwashing. In the batch-washing, hydraulic conductivity of soils is not relevant to the efficiency and the method is applicable to heavily textured soils as well as to sandy soils.…”