Removal of ammonium and phosphates from wastewater resulting from the process of cochineal extraction using MgO-containing by-product

Removal of ammonium from rare-earth wastewater using natural brucite as a magnesium source of struvite precipitation

“…In the process of conducting the experiments, it was found that the brucite added to the wastewater rapidly agglomerated; nevertheless, the amount and size of the agglomeration gradually diminished with an increase in the pH value of the solution. Finally, the brucite agglomeration completely disappeared, excluding the experiment performed with 23.2 g/L, after 12 h. According to the results obtained, the phenomenon presented, and the investigations conducted by previous researchers (Chimenos et al 2003;Chen et al 2009), a mechanism was proposed for the removal of ammonium through the process of struvite precipitation using brucite as the magnesium source and alkali reagent and phosphoric acid as the phosphate source.…”

“…Employing comparatively inexpensive magnesium sources was thought to be an effective approach to lower the treatment cost. Many researchers have investigated various low-cost materials containing magnesium, such as by-products generated in the production of magnesium oxide (Chimenos et al 2003;Quintana et al 2005), bittern (Lee et al 2003), and magnesite (MgCO 3 ) mineral (Gunay et al 2008;Chen et al 2009). It was reported that using above-mentioned materials as magnesium sources in struvite precipitation could achieve a high removal of ammonium.…”

Phosphorus recovery as struvite from farm, municipal and industrial waste: Feedstock suitability, methods and pre-treatments

“…A narrow range of process conditions in terms of type of Mg salt, pH and pH adjustment method have been reported (Table 1). pH may be adjusted to create the alkaline conditions required for struvite precipitation (Bouropoulos and Koutsoukos, 2000) using NaOH (most commonly used), MgO, KOH, NH 3 or by CO 2 stripping (Chimenos et al, 2003;Suzuki et al, 2007;Zhao et al, 2010). Limitations of these approaches include the fact that MgO and KOH have limited solubility, the CO 2 stripping method is energy intensive and loss of ammonia may occur from aeration (Cusick et al, 2014).…”

“…The pH range reported to be favourable for struvite precipitation varies from of 8-11 (Kabdasli et al, 2009). P recovery efficiency is generally high and often >90% (Table 1) with municipal wastewater averaging 95% (Pastor et al, 2010;Uysal et al, 2010) and landfill leachate (Iaconi et al, 2010), human urine (Ganrot et al, 2007) and carmine dye industry (Chimenos et al, 2003) wastewater processes reporting 100% recovery. Struvite also captures NH 4 + with recovery efficiency as high as 98% for municipal wastewater and semiconductor wastewater (Suschka and Poplawski, 2003;Kim et al, 2009 (Demirer et al, 2005;Zhao et al, 2010;Shen et al, 2011), swine manure (Burns et al, 2001(Burns et al, , 2003Nelson et al, 2003;Suzuki et al, 2007;Perera et al, 2007;Ryu and Lee, 2010;Liu et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2012), poultry manure (Yetilmezsoy et al, 2009) and cattle urine (Prabhu and Mutnuri, 2014 The high P content of manure makes it a suitable source, however its available P fraction remains only in the range of 35% (poultry manure) to 63% (dairy manure) of total P (Barnett, 1994).…”

“…Successful struvite recovery has been reported from wastewater from the following industries: Tannery (Tunay et al, 1997), textile (Kabdasli et al, 2000, Huang et al, 2012, carmine dye (Chimenos et al, 2003), semiconductor (Kim et al, 2009), slaughterhouse and meat packing (Kabdasli et al, 2009), food processing (potato processing and molasses based) (Moerman et al, 2009;Turker and Celen, 2010), rareearth , coking (Zhang et al, 2009;Kumar et al, 2013), 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (Li et al, 2012) and yeast production (Uysal et al,2013 Hutnik et al, 2012;Folleto et al, 2013). Unlike farm waste, no pre-treatment requirements have been reported for industrial waste prior to struvite recovery.…”