Removal Efficiency and Integrity Monitoring Techniques for Virus Removal by Membrane Processes

Production and characterisation of UF membranes by chemical conversion of used RO membranes

“…Previous work conducted by our research group has revealed that the particles closely resemble the physical characteristics of some water-borne viruses. Specifically, the particles were 62 ± 10 nm in size, had a strong negative charge of -25±4 mV and were nearly spherical in shape [40].…”

“…For example, this indicator has been shown to demonstrate an LRV of 3-4 for hollow fibre UF membranes of similar MWCO values [40]. However, as operating conditions significantly affect LRVs, evaluating different methods can be difficult and further testing is required to adequately compare the various techniques.…”

Polioviruses and other Enteroviruses

“…Howeverin theory, pathogens that are larger in size than the pore size of the membrane should be prevented from passing through the membrane (exclusion based on size). In practice, there is a pore size distribution throughout the filter membrane in addition to imperfections in the membrane or the support system for the membrane that allow a proportion of virus to pass through (Antony et al, 2012).…”

Risk assessment of Giardia from a full scale MBR sewage treatment plant caused by membrane integrity failure

“…The turbidity of reclaimed water has often been used as an indicator for biological safety and membrane integrity (Antony et al, 2012;Naismith, 2005). Theoretically, a MBR could achieve almost complete solid-liquid separation, and turbidity for a functional MBR is usually below 0.2 NTU (or even lower).…”