“…Furfural wastewater discharged into the environment from different sources can cause ecotoxicity [ 4 ]. When humans are exposed to furfural (over 8 mg/m 3 ), it can lead to substantial long-term health consequences, including eye irritation, nausea, liver and kidney disorders, headaches, weakness, central nervous system disorders, mutations, and tumors [ 5 , 6 ]. Therefore, the sustainable treatment of furfural wastewater as well as recovering the chemical energy potential inside its substrates is of great importance for both environmental and resource concerns.…”