Remote sensing of subsurface water temperature by Raman scattering

Leonard, Donald A.; Caputo, Bernard; Hoge, Frank E.

doi:10.1364/ao.18.001732

Cited by 112 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…As the number of hydrogen bonds is temperature dependent, the shape of the Raman band is also temperature dependent. This has been used for remote sensing of the ocean temperature using LI-DAR systems (e.g., Leonard et al, 1979). To conclude, the resulting cross section of VRS is both small banded because of the filling-in of Fraunhofer lines as well as broad banded because of the large intensity shift that maps larger structures of the initial sunlight spectrum.…”

Section: E Peters Et Al: Liquid Water In the Doas Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid water absorption and scattering effects in DOAS retrievals over oceans

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Spectral effects of liquid water are present in absorption (differential optical absorption spectroscopy -DOAS) measurements above the ocean and, if insufficiently removed, may interfere with trace gas absorptions, leading to wrong results. Currently available literature cross sections of liquid water absorption are provided in coarser resolution than DOAS applications require, and vibrational Raman scattering (VRS) is mostly not considered, or is compensated for using simulated pseudo cross sections from radiative transfer modeling.During the ship-based TransBrom campaign across the western Pacific in October 2009, MAX-DOAS (Multi-AXis differential optical absorption spectroscopy) measurements of light penetrating very clear natural waters were performed, achieving average underwater light paths of up to 50 m. From these measurements, the retrieval of a correction spectrum (H 2 O corr ) is presented, compensating simultaneously for insufficiencies in the liquid water absorption cross section and broad-banded VRS structures. Small-banded structures caused by VRS were found to be very efficiently compensated for by the intensity offset correction included in the DOAS fit. No interference between the H 2 O corr spectrum and phytoplankton absorption was found.In the MAX-DOAS tropospheric NO 2 retrieval, this method was able to compensate entirely for all liquid water effects that decrease the fit quality, and performed better than using a liquid water cross section in combination with a simulated VRS spectrum. The decrease in the residual root mean square (rms) of the DOAS fit depends on the measurement's contamination with liquid water structures, and ranges from ≈ 30 % for measurements slightly towards the water surface to several percent in small angles above the horizon. Furthermore, the H 2 O corr spectrum was found to prevent misfits of NO 2 slant columns, especially for very low NO 2 scenarios, and thus increases the reliability of the fit. In test fits on OMI satellite data, the H 2 O corr spectrum was found selectively above ocean surfaces, where it decreases the rms by up to ≈ 11 %.

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Section: E Peters Et Al: Liquid Water In the Doas Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid water absorption and scattering effects in DOAS retrievals over oceans

et al. 2014

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“…Green lasers (532 nm) are ideal for ocean work because this wavelength corresponds to the transmission peak of water. The previously mentioned DORISS instrument (Brewer et al, 2004;Pasteris et al, 2004) and aircraft-based Raman instruments (Becucci et al, 1999;Leonard et al, 1979) used 532 nm lasers. For an inwater working distance of 1 cm, 99.95% of 532 nm laser power will be transmitted compared to 97% of 785 nm laser power.…”

Section: Excitation Wavelengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Raman spectroscopy as a technique for identification of seafloor hydrothermal and cold seep minerals

2009

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“…Consequently, oceanographic applications of Raman spectroscopy are decades old. For example, the shape of the Raman water spectrum is temperature dependent, and has been used to measure the temperature of the upper ocean (up to a depth of 100 m) remotely, via aircraft (Leonard et al 1977(Leonard et al , 1979Becucci et al 1999). The intensities of Raman water spectra have also been used to determine the depth of laser penetration when correcting airborne fluorescence measurements of phytoplankton density (Bristow et al 1981;Hoge & Swift 1981).…”

Section: Application Of Laser Raman Spectroscopy In the Deep Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral–microbe interactions in deep-sea hydrothermal systems: a challenge for Raman spectroscopy

Breier

White

German

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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In deep-sea hydrothermal environments, steep chemical and thermal gradients, rapid and turbulent mixing and biologic processes produce a multitude of diverse mineral phases and foster the growth of a variety of chemosynthetic micro-organisms. Many of these microbial species are associated with specific mineral phases, and the interaction of mineral and microbial processes are of only recently recognized importance in several areas of hydrothermal research. Many submarine hydrothermal mineral phases form during kinetically limited reactions and are either metastable or are only thermodynamically stable under in situ conditions. Laser Raman spectroscopy is well suited to mineral speciation measurements in the deep sea in many ways, and sea-going Raman systems have been built and used to make a variety of in situ measurements. However, the full potential of this technique for hydrothermal science has yet to be realized. In this focused review, we summarize both the need for in situ mineral speciation measurements in hydrothermal research and the development of sea-going Raman systems to date; we describe the rationale for further development of a small, low-cost sea-going Raman system optimized for mineral identification that incorporates a fluorescence-minimizing design; and we present three experimental applications that such a tool would enable.

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Remote sensing of subsurface water temperature by Raman scattering

Cited by 112 publications

References 17 publications

Liquid water absorption and scattering effects in DOAS retrievals over oceans

Liquid water absorption and scattering effects in DOAS retrievals over oceans

Laser Raman spectroscopy as a technique for identification of seafloor hydrothermal and cold seep minerals

Mineral–microbe interactions in deep-sea hydrothermal systems: a challenge for Raman spectroscopy

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