Remote Sensing of High Temperature Events by the FireBird Mission

Lorenz, Eckehard; Mitchell, Simon; Säuberlich, Thomas; Paproth, Carsten; Halle, Winfried; Frauenberger, Olaf

doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-461-2015

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Together they will provide one dataset per day. BIROS is still not operational, but its basic characteristics are almost identical to TET-1 (Table 1; for further details on the TET-1 mission see Lorenz et al [30] and Fischer et al [32]). We have ascertained that FireBird satellites have one important advantage over other satellite instruments-their on-board processing allows repeated acquisition over the same area within a few microseconds, thus preventing data saturation.…”

Section: Tet-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Satellite and Ground Based Thermal Observation of the 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli Volcano

2015

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Abstract:As specifically designed platforms are still unavailable at this point in time, lava flows are usually monitored remotely with the use of meteorological satellites. Generally, meteorological satellites have a low spatial resolution, which leads to uncertain results. This paper presents the first long term satellite monitoring of active lava flows on Stromboli volcano (August-November 2014) at high spatial resolution (160 m) and relatively high temporal resolution (~3 days). These data were retrieved by the small satellite Technology Experiment Carrier-1 (TET-1), which was developed and built by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The satellite instrument is dedicated to high temperature event monitoring. The satellite observations were accompanied by field observations conducted by thermal cameras. These provided short time lava flow dynamics and validation for satellite data. TET-1 retrieved 27 datasets over Stromboli during its effusive activity. Using the radiant density approach, TET-1 data were used to calibrate the MODVOLC data and estimate the time averaged lava discharge rate. With a mean output rate of 0.87 m 3 /s during the three-month-long eruption, we estimate the total erupted volume to be 7.4ˆ10 6 m 3 .

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Section: Tet-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TET-1 is the first satellite within the FireBird constellation [30]. This consists of two small satellites that are predominantly dedicated to investigating high temperature events.…”

Section: Tet-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite and Ground Based Thermal Observation of the 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli Volcano

2015

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“…Consequently, even the FireBIRD satellitesfeaturing the same IR sensor as BIRD, with the highest spatial resolution nonsaturating MWIR/LWIR observations available to date, are not well suited for monitoring of coalseam fires, which are important GHG sources. Building on the heritage of the BIRD (Zhukov et al, 2006) and FireBIRD sensors (Lorenz et al, 2015), the dynamic range of the DIEGO MWIR/ LWIR sensor is achieved by observing hot sources at different integration times, where lower integration times are used for very hot sources to prevent saturation. Since the spatial resolution of DIEGO will be substantially higher than those of BIRD or FireBIRD, the DIEGO sensor must be equipped with two MWIR bands to provide unsaturated data even for extremely hot sources (e.g.…”

Section: The Diego Sensor Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, the German FireBIRD mission consists of two small satellites launched in 2012 and 2016, respectively, which are designed to detect high-temperature events and anomalies such as fires (Lorenz et al, 2015;Zhukov, Lorenz, Oertel, Wooster, & Roberts, 2006). Both FireBIRD satellites are equipped with two spectral bands in the thermal domain: one MWIR one LWIR and additionally three bands in visible and near-infrared (Lorenz et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DIEGO: A Multispectral Thermal Mission for Earth Observation on the International Space Station

Schultz

Hartmann

Heinemann

et al. 2019

European Journal of Remote Sensing

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Observations in thermal infrared (IR) contribute substantially to the understanding of the global fluxes of energy and matter between Earth's surface, ocean and atmosphere. Key parameters derived from such observations are Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Land Surface Emissivity (LSE). These variables are important for weather forecasting and climate modelling. However, satellite systems currently in orbit provide only a small number of spectral bands in the thermal region, and consequently cannot be used for temperature emissivity separation (TES) to accurately derive LST and LSE. Hence, capacities to investigate processes or phenomena where LST in high temporal and high spatial resolution (<100 m) is required, such as agricultural applications or urban heat island monitoring, are limited. Additionally, the measurement of radiative energy released from active large and small fires, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, is still challenging with current IR systems. Here, we introduce the proposed multispectral sensor system DIEGO (Dynamic Infrared Earth Observation on the ISS Orbit) with 11 spectral bands and a ground sampling distance of less than 60 m, which aims to reduce the observation gap in the thermal infrared significantly.

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“…Precise formation keeping control was required during science-collection operations, which required knowledge of the spacecraft separation to within 100 m. This accuracy was accomplished by onboard navigation software that used GPS measurements, an EKF, and a high Ądelity onboard dynamics model [32]. Thereafter, the Autonomous Vision Approach Navigation and Target IdentiĄcation (AVANTI) experiment [3] was performed in June 2016, using the Bispectral InfraRed Optical System (BIROS) and Berlin Experimental and Educational Satellite 4 (BEESAT-4) spacecraft of the DRL Firebird mission [33,34]. These spacecraft used line-of-sight measurements and an EKF to estimate the relative spacecraft state in terms of Relative Orbital Elements (ROEs), but were only able to achieve relative navigation accuracy at the meter level due to observability issues with using line-of-sight methods [35].…”

Section: Extended Kalman Filteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Extended Kalman Filtering Strategies for Autonomous Relative Navigation of Formation Flying Spacecraft

Fraser¹

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This research addresses the relative navigation problem for spacecraft formation Ćying missions in near-Earth orbit. Technological and economic inĆuences have expedited the miniaturization of spacecraft systems, popularizing the notion of satellite teamwork due to the potential reductions in overall costs and complexity. It is now feasible to use a coordinated group of close-proximity satellites, known as a formation, to autonomously perform rendezvous, on-orbit servicing and science-based missions for a fraction of the resources a large-scale satellite would require. Despite the growing interest in formation Ćying spacecraft however, only a limited number of applications have been Ćight validated as a result of the difficulties associated with accurately determining the relative motion of the spacecraft within a formation. To enhance the capabilities of onboard autonomous guidance, navigation and control systems, this thesis presents the development of two adaptive extended Kalman Ąlter navigation algorithms for spacecraft formation Ćying. The proposed adaptive Ąlters are capable of updating the internal noise characteristics of the Kalman Ąlter in real time, and are viable in all orbit scenarios, including highly elliptical orbits in the presence of perturbations. The Ąrst Kalman Ąlter approach uses maximum likelihood estimation techniques to derive analytical adaptations laws for the Ąlter, which are then improved through the novel inclusion of an intrinsic smoothing routine. The second approach uses an embedded fuzzy logic system based on a covariancematching analysis of the Ąlter residuals, where the fuzzy system has been speciĄcally designed for the spacecraft navigation problem at hand. Numerical simulations of three spacecraft formations are used to demonstrate that the proposed adaptive navigation algorithms are appreciably more robust to Ąlter initialization errors, dynamics modelling deĄciencies, and measurement noise than the standard Kalman Ąlter. iii To Dr. Steve Ulrich, formally my supervisor, but more importantly my mentor, my professor, and my friend; your steadfast support and leadership have made my studies in Ottawa immensely fulĄlling. Thank you for providing this opportunity to continually learn from your expertise, and for instilling conĄdence and direction throughout the span of our collaboration. The dedication you have shown to me, and all of the members of our research group, is remarkable. It has been an honor to work with you, and a whole lot of fun too. To the professors who have guided me along this journey, including Bruce Burlton, Tarik Kaya, Alex Ellery, Victor Aitken, Howard Schwartz, and many others from Carleton University. The knowledge and wisdom you have shared has been invaluable to my growth as an engineer. And from the days at Dalhousie University, my thanks in particular to Professors Darrel Doman, Jeff Dahn, Timothy Little, and Guy Kember. You managed to imbue a fascination with space elevators, the laws of nature, the rules of mathematics, and the process of learning,...

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Remote Sensing of High Temperature Events by the FireBird Mission

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Satellite and Ground Based Thermal Observation of the 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli Volcano

Satellite and Ground Based Thermal Observation of the 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli Volcano

DIEGO: A Multispectral Thermal Mission for Earth Observation on the International Space Station

Adaptive Extended Kalman Filtering Strategies for Autonomous Relative Navigation of Formation Flying Spacecraft

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