Remote Powered Medical Implants for Telemonitoring

Walk, Jasmin; Weber, Jeannette; Soell, Christopher; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg; Ussmueller, Thomas

doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2359517

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Wireless power transfer is desperately needed in wearable biomedical sensors [116], implants [117], individually addressable neurostimulators [118], retinal and other prostheses [119], and in biomedical applications such as interventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [120]. In each of these critical applications, there is an important size constraint on a system, which makes the use of batteries impractical since this puts a limit to overall size and shortens lifetime.…”

Section: G Wireless Power Transmission For Batteryless Biomedical Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Europe and the Future for WPT : European Contributions to Wireless Power Transfer Technology

Team¹

2017

IEEE Microwave

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Section: G Wireless Power Transmission For Batteryless Biomedical Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Europe and the Future for WPT : European Contributions to Wireless Power Transfer Technology

Team¹

2017

IEEE Microwave

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“…Moreover, with IMDs, the healthcare without affecting the patient's life becomes feasible (e.g. Diabetics and Dementia patients [2]). It also has been shown that remote monitoring of the patients using IMDs is very cost effective for the healthcare system as well [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracting Randomness from the Trend of IPI for Cryptographic Operations in Implantable Medical Devices

Chizari

Lupu

2021

IEEE Trans. Dependable and Secure Comput.

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Achieving secure communication between an Implantable Medical Device (IMD) inside the body and a gateway outside the body has showed its criticality with recent reports of hackings such as in St. Jude Medical's Implantable Cardiac Devices, Johnson and Johnson insulin pumps and vulnerabilities in brain Neuro-implants. The use of asymmetric cryptography in particular is not a practical solution for IMDs due to the scarce computational and power resources, symmetric key cryptography is preferred. One of the factors in security of a symmetric cryptographic system is to use a strong key for encryption. A solution to develop such a strong key without using extensive resources in an IMD, is to extract it from the body physiological signals. In order to have a strong enough key, the physiological signal must be a strong source of randomness and InterPulse Interval (IPI) has been advised to be such that. A strong randomness source should have five conditions: Universality (available on all people), Liveness (available at any-time), Robustness (strong random number), Permanence (independent from its history) and Uniqueness (independent from other sources). Nevertheless, for current proposed random extraction methods from IPI these conditions (mainly last three conditions) were not examined. In this study, firstly, we proposed a methodology to measure the last three conditions: Information secrecy measures for Robustness, Santha-Vazirani Source delta value for Permanence and random sources dependency analysis for Uniqueness. Then, using a huge dataset of IPI values (almost 900,000,000 IPIs), we showed that IPI does not have conditions of Robustness and Permanence as a randomness source. Thus, extraction of a strong uniform random number from IPI value, mathematically, is impossible. Thirdly, rather than using the value of IPI, we proposed the trend of IPI as a source for a new randomness extraction method named as Martingale Randomness Extraction from IPI (MRE-IPI). We evaluated MRE-IPI and showed that it satisfies the Robustness condition completely and Permanence to some level. Finally, we used NIST STS and Dieharder test suites and showed that MRE-IPI is able to outperform all recent randomness extraction methods from IPIs and its quality is half of the AES random number. MRE-IPI, still, is not a strong random number and could not be used as the secret key for a secure communication, however, it can be used as a one-time pad in exchanging the secret key for a communication. In this case, the usage of MRE-IPI will be kept at a minimum level and reduces the probability of breaking it. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in this area which uses such a comprehensive method and large dataset to examine the randomness of a physiological signal.

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“…However, one of their challenges is the limited lifetime of the battery inside. WPT is a promising technology to solve this problem [7]- [16], which can provide a continuous and adequate power to the implants and reduce their overall size and weight. Capsule endoscope is a common biomedical implant used for the diagnosis of the gastrointestinal (GI) diseases [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Optimization of Class-E Amplifier at Subnominal Condition in a Wireless Power Transfer System for Biomedical Implants

Líu

Shao

Fang

2017

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst.

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Abstract-For the class-E amplifier in a wireless power transfer (WPT) system, the design parameters are always determined by the nominal model. However, this model neglects the conduction loss and voltage stress of MOSFET and cannot guarantee the highest efficiency in the WPT system for biomedical implants. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel circuit model of the subnominal class-E amplifier. On a WPT platform for capsule endoscope, the proposed model was validated to be effective and the relationship between the amplifier's design parameters and its characteristics was analyzed. At a given duty ratio, the design parameters with the highest efficiency and safe voltage stress are derived and the condition is called 'optimal subnominal condition.' The amplifier's efficiency can reach the highest of 99.3% at the 0.097 duty ratio. Furthermore, at the 0.5 duty ratio, the measured efficiency of the optimal subnominal condition can reach 90.8%, which is 15.2% higher than that of the nominal condition. Then, a WPT experiment with a receiving unit was carried out to validate the feasibility of the optimized amplifier. In general, the design parameters of class-E amplifier in a WPT system for biomedical implants can be determined with the proposed optimization method in this paper.Index Terms-Biomedical implants, class-E amplifier, efficiency improvement, subnominal condition, wireless power transfer system, zero-voltage-switching (ZVS).

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Remote Powered Medical Implants for Telemonitoring

Cited by 35 publications

References 23 publications

Europe and the Future for WPT : European Contributions to Wireless Power Transfer Technology

Europe and the Future for WPT : European Contributions to Wireless Power Transfer Technology

Extracting Randomness from the Trend of IPI for Cryptographic Operations in Implantable Medical Devices

Modeling and Optimization of Class-E Amplifier at Subnominal Condition in a Wireless Power Transfer System for Biomedical Implants

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