Remote neurostimulation with physical fields at cellular level enabled by nanomaterials: Toward medical applications

Xu, Zixing; Xu, Jinhua; Yang, Wenjuan; Lin, Huoyue; Ruan, Gang

doi:10.1063/5.0022206

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For instance, neurostimulation electrodes that actively inject charge currents have not yet reliably demonstrated continuous function in the body for ten years or more, which is a recognized indicator of clinical feasibility. On the other hand, magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-based remote neurostimulation with high spatiotemporal resolution and specificity is one class of invaluable neurotechnology that emerged in recent years [172,173]. Combined with externally applied magnetic fields, MNPs offer several capabilities for neurostimulation that are not available in conventional brain stimulation techniques.…”

Section: Magnetic Nanoparticles (Mnps) In Neurostimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on magnetic and spintronic neurostimulation: challenges and prospects

Saha

Bloom

et al. 2022

Nanotechnology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the treatment of neurodegenerative, sensory and cardiovascular diseases, electrical probes and arrays have shown quite a promising success rate. However, despite the outstanding clinical outcomes, their operation is significantly hindered by non-selective control of electric fields. A promising alternative is micromagnetic stimulation (μMS) due to the high permeability of magnetic field through biological tissues. The induced electric field from the time-varying magnetic field generated by magnetic neurostimulators is used to remotely stimulate neighboring neurons. Due to the spatial asymmetry of the induced electric field, high spatial selectivity of neurostimulation has been realized. Herein, some popular choices of magnetic neurostimulators such as microcoils (μcoils) and spintronic nanodevices are reviewed. The neurostimulator features such as power consumption and resolution (aiming at cellular level) are discussed. In addition, the chronic stability and biocompatibility of these implantable neurostimulator are commented in favor of further translation to clinical settings. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), as another invaluable neurostimulation material, has emerged in recent years. Thus, in this review we have also included MNPs as a remote neurostimulation solution that overcomes physical limitations of invasive implants. Overall, this review provides peers with the recent development of ultra-low power, cellular-level, spatially selective magnetic neurostimulators of dimensions within micro- to nano-range for treating chronic neurological disorders. At the end of this review, some potential applications of next generation neuro-devices have also been discussed.

show abstract

Section: Magnetic Nanoparticles (Mnps) In Neurostimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on magnetic and spintronic neurostimulation: challenges and prospects

Saha

Bloom

et al. 2022

Nanotechnology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…21 Xu and colleagues subsequently showcase the possibility of noninvasive remote neuro-stimulation with physical fields enabled by nanomaterials. 22 Beyond therapeutic capacities, nanobiomaterials can also serve as facile contrast agents to facilitate better theranostics, such as with the use of photoacoustic imaging, as reviewed by Park and colleagues. 23…”

Section: Engineering Biomaterials At Multiple Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional biomaterials

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Recent efforts have succeeded in engineering systems (e.g. neural dust, nanoparticles, injectable electronics [13,14,15]) that can be implanted with minimal tissue damage, and are being tested in animal experiments (even noninvasive techniques are increasing in their precision [16]). Recent clinical efforts in humans have involved chronic (i.e., long-term) implantation of electrodes for treating depression [17], obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) [18], addiction [19], obesity [20], etc., which are all disorders of the reward network discussed in Section 6.…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Minimal Intervention Definition of Reverse Engineering a Neural Circuit

Gurushankar,

Grover

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In neuroscience, researchers have developed informal notions of what it means to reverse engineer a system, e.g., being able to model or simulate a system in some sense. A recent influential paper of Jonas and Kording, that examines a microprocessor using techniques from neuroscience, suggests that common techniques to understand neural systems are inadequate. Part of the difficulty, as a previous work of Lazebnik noted, lies in lack of formal language. Motivated by these papers, we provide a theoretical framework for defining reverse engineering of computational systems, motivated by the neuroscience context. Of specific interest to us are recent works where, increasingly, interventions are being made to alter the function of the neural circuitry to both understand the system and treat disorders. Starting from Lazebnik's viewpoint that understanding a system means you can "fix it", and motivated by use-cases in neuroscience, we propose the following requirement on reverse engineering: once an agent claims to have reverseengineered a neural circuit, they subsequently need to be able to: (a) provide a minimal set of interventions to change the input/output (I/O) behavior of the circuit to a desired behavior; (b) arrive at this minimal set of interventions while operating under bounded rationality constraints (e.g., limited memory) to rule out brute-force approaches. Under certain assumptions on the model, we show that this reverse engineering goal falls within the class of undecidable problems, by connecting our problem with Rice's theorem. Next, we examine some canonical computational systems and reverse engineering goals (as specified by desired I/O behaviors) where reverse engineering can indeed be performed. Finally, using an exemplar network, the "reward network" in the brain, we summarize the state of current neuroscientific understanding, and discuss how computer-science and information-theoretic concepts can inform goals of future neuroscience studies.

show abstract

Remote neurostimulation with physical fields at cellular level enabled by nanomaterials: Toward medical applications

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

A review on magnetic and spintronic neurostimulation: challenges and prospects

A review on magnetic and spintronic neurostimulation: challenges and prospects

Functional biomaterials

A Minimal Intervention Definition of Reverse Engineering a Neural Circuit

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About