Remote Eye Gaze Tracking Research: A Comparative Evaluation on Past and Recent Progress

Shehu, Ibrahim Shehi; Athuman, Athuman Mohamed; Fu, Xianping

doi:10.3390/electronics10243165

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 274 publications

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“…In real eyes, the fovea is displayed slightly inferior and temporally displaced from the point where the optical axis meets the retina and detects eye movement [ 137 ]. In general, the eye has six degrees of flexibility, three rotations, and three translations inside the eye socket [ 138 , 139 ]. The eye is rotated by two pairs of direct muscles that allow six degrees of freedom in eye movement control [ 67 , 136 ].…”

Section: Eye Trackersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When detecting an eye, it is essential to differentiate the eye’s appearance because it can change depending on the angle that the user is observing [ 135 ]. Non-invasive Eye trackers rely on measurements of the eyes’ observable characteristics, including the pupil, iris-sclera boundary, and corneal reflection of nearby light sources [ 135 , 139 ]. As shown in Figure 11 a,c, a technique based on corneal reflections measures the position of the corneal reflection of an infrared (IR) light reflected to the pupil that can track the gaze direction accurately [ 129 ].…”

Section: Eye Trackersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monotonous limbus tracking systems have poor vertical precision because the eyelids partially obscure the iris [ 67 , 136 ]. The pupil is more challenging to track due to less contrasts between the pupil and the iris, but it can be distinguished when illuminated by an infrared light source on the camera axis with an on-axis light source [ 3 , 136 , 139 ]. This produces a “red-eye” effect image [ 3 , 136 ].…”

Section: Eye Trackersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is due to the fact that the IR is invisible and does not distract or interfere with the user when tracking [ 136 , 140 ]. With this unique characteristic, the eye tracker has been successfully integrated to head-mounted, wearable, and infrared-based gaze trackers [ 132 , 133 , 134 , 139 ]. The system consists of an optical camera, IR light sources, a CPU for data processing, and a screen or monitor to determine the subject’s eyes’ focus [ 135 , 139 ].…”

Section: Eye Trackersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in Materials, Sensors, and Integrated Systems for Monitoring Eye Movements

et al. 2022

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Eye movements show primary responses that reflect humans' voluntary intention and conscious selection. Because visual perception is one of the fundamental sensory interactions in the brain, eye movements contain critical information regarding physical/psychological health, perception, intention, and preference. With the advancement of wearable device technologies, the performance of monitoring eye tracking has been significantly improved. It also has led to myriad applications for assisting and augmenting human activities. Among them, electrooculograms, measured by skin-mounted electrodes, have been widely used to track eye motions accurately. In addition, eye trackers that detect reflected optical signals offer alternative ways without using wearable sensors. This paper outlines a systematic summary of the latest research on various materials, sensors, and integrated systems for monitoring eye movements and enabling human-machine interfaces. Specifically, we summarize recent developments in soft materials, biocompatible materials, manufacturing methods, sensor functions, systems' performances, and their applications in eye tracking. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and suggest research directions for future studies.

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Section: Eye Trackersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eye Trackersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eye Trackersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eye Trackersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in Materials, Sensors, and Integrated Systems for Monitoring Eye Movements

et al. 2022

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“…These trackers are intrusive and costly, and might change driving habits and behavior. With the advances of the remote driver eye gaze tracking techniques, non-intrusive systems based on computer vision have been well applied due to their user-friendliness [ 11 ].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-Cameras-Based Driver’s Eye Gaze Tracking System with Non-Linear Gaze Point Refinement

Ding

Yuan

2022

Sensors

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The human eye gaze plays a vital role in monitoring people’s attention, and various efforts have been made to improve in-vehicle driver gaze tracking systems. Most of them build the specific gaze estimation model by pre-annotated data training in an offline way. These systems usually tend to have poor generalization performance during the online gaze prediction, which is caused by the estimation bias between the training domain and the deployment domain, making the predicted gaze points shift from their correct location. To solve this problem, a novel driver’s eye gaze tracking method with non-linear gaze point refinement is proposed in a monitoring system using two cameras, which eliminates the estimation bias and implicitly fine-tunes the gaze points. Supported by the two-stage gaze point clustering algorithm, the non-linear gaze point refinement method can gradually extract the representative gaze points of the forward and mirror gaze zone and establish the non-linear gaze point re-mapping relationship. In addition, the Unscented Kalman filter is utilized to track the driver’s continuous status features. Experimental results show that the non-linear gaze point refinement method outperforms several previous gaze calibration and gaze mapping methods, and improves the gaze estimation accuracy even on the cross-subject evaluation. The system can be used for predicting the driver’s attention.

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Development of webcam‐collected and artificial‐intelligence‐derived social and cognitive performance measures for neurodevelopmental genetic syndromes

Frazier,

Busch,

Klaas

et al. 2023

American J of Med Genetics Pt C

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This study focused on the development and initial psychometric evaluation of a set of online, webcam‐collected, and artificial intelligence‐derived patient performance measures for neurodevelopmental genetic syndromes (NDGS). Initial testing and qualitative input was used to develop four stimulus paradigms capturing social and cognitive processes, including social attention, receptive vocabulary, processing speed, and single‐word reading. The paradigms were administered to a sample of 375 participants, including 163 with NDGS, 56 with idiopathic neurodevelopmental disability (NDD), and 156 neurotypical controls. Twelve measures were created from the four stimulus paradigms. Valid completion rates varied from 87 to 100% across measures, with lower but adequate completion rates in participants with intellectual disability. Adequate to excellent internal consistency reliability (α = 0.67 to 0.95) was observed across measures. Test–retest reproducibility at 1‐month follow‐up and stability at 4‐month follow‐up was fair to good (r = 0.40–0.73) for 8 of the 12 measures. All gaze‐based measures showed evidence of convergent and discriminant validity with parent‐report measures of other cognitive and behavioral constructs. Comparisons across NDGS groups revealed distinct patterns of social and cognitive functioning, including people with PTEN mutations showing a less impaired overall pattern and people with SYNGAP1 mutations showing more attentional, processing speed, and social processing difficulties relative to people with NFIX mutations. Webcam‐collected performance measures appear to be a reliable and potentially useful method for objective characterization and monitoring of social and cognitive processes in NDGS and idiopathic NDD. Additional validation work, including more detailed convergent and discriminant validity analyses and examination of sensitivity to change, is needed to replicate and extend these observations.

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Remote Eye Gaze Tracking Research: A Comparative Evaluation on Past and Recent Progress

Cited by 16 publications

References 274 publications

Advances in Materials, Sensors, and Integrated Systems for Monitoring Eye Movements

Advances in Materials, Sensors, and Integrated Systems for Monitoring Eye Movements

Dual-Cameras-Based Driver’s Eye Gaze Tracking System with Non-Linear Gaze Point Refinement

Development of webcam‐collected and artificial‐intelligence‐derived social and cognitive performance measures for neurodevelopmental genetic syndromes

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