Reminiscing the recent incidence of monkeypox in Nigeria: Its ecologic-epidemiology and literature review

Nasir, Idris Abdullahi; Dangana, Amos; Ojeamiren, Iduda; Emeribe, Anthony Uchenna

doi:10.4103/phmj.phmj_47_17

Cited by 29 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Crop-like appearance of MPXV lesion and its non-strong centrifugal spread make it different from smallpox. Presence of lymphadenopathy in MPXV is the notable clinical feature that differentiates it from smallpox [6,42,43,58,71,72]. Presumptive identification of MPX based on clinical symptoms is important for identification of suspected cases during surveillance but clinical case definition for MPX in the absence of laboratory confirmation have been shown in a cohort of 645 individuals to have high sensitivity (93-98%) and low specificity (9% to 26%) [55,73].…”

Section: Phenotypic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indirect MPXV diagnosis may arise if IgM and IgG antibodies are present in an unvaccinated individual with a history of rash and severe illness. However, none of these methods is specific for MPX [43,44,46,58,71,74] and can indicate the presence of other OPV species. IgM can be used to assess MPX infection in an individual with prior history of smallpox vaccination [75].…”

Section: Immunological Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Respiratory droplets and contact with body fluids, contaminated patient's environment or items, skin lesion of an infected person have been found to be associated with inter-human transmission. Congo Basin clade (Central Africa clade) is reported to be more virulent than West Africa clade and thereby contributes more to inter-human transmission [41][42][43][44][45][46]. Animal-to-human transmission, which is also known as zoonotic transmission, occurs via direct contact with any of the aforementioned natural viral hosts or consumption of these hosts.…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MPXV under electron microscope appears intracytoplasmic brick-shaped with lateral bodies and a central core measuring about 200-300 nm. Although this method is not definitive diagnosis because OPV species cannot be differentiated morphologically, but it gives a clue that the virus belongs to Poxviridae family [6,43,71,78].…”

Section: Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the available data, about 90% of the identified cases are naive to OPV infection of which many of them were born after the cessation of smallpox eradication program [46]. Individuals who had previously been vaccinated against smallpox were identified to have 85% protection against MPXV [43,46,74,78]. The smallpox vaccine (ACAM2000 TM ) recommended by the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), during the 2003 USA MPXV endemic, proved to reduce the symptoms and did not prevent disease [46].…”

Section: Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution

Alakunle

Moens

Nchinda

et al. 2020

Viruses

583

685

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Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a member of orthopoxvirus genus. The reemergence of MPXV in 2017 (at Bayelsa state) after 39 years of no reported case in Nigeria, and the export of travelers’ monkeypox (MPX) from Nigeria to other parts of the world, in 2018 and 2019, respectively, have raised concern that MPXV may have emerged to occupy the ecological and immunological niche vacated by smallpox virus. This review X-rays the current state of knowledge pertaining the infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution of MPXV in Nigeria and worldwide, especially with regard to the human, cellular, and viral factors that modulate the virus transmission dynamics, infection, and its maintenance in nature. This paper also elucidates the role of recombination, gene loss and gene gain in MPXV evolution, chronicles the role of signaling in MPXV infection, and reviews the current therapeutic options available for the treatment and prevention of MPX. Additionally, genome-wide phylogenetic analysis was undertaken, and we show that MPXV isolates from recent 2017 outbreak in Nigeria were monophyletic with the isolate exported to Israel from Nigeria but do not share the most recent common ancestor with isolates obtained from earlier outbreaks, in 1971 and 1978, respectively. Finally, the review highlighted gaps in knowledge particularly the non-identification of a definitive reservoir host animal for MPXV and proposed future research endeavors to address the unresolved questions.

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Section: Phenotypic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immunological Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution

Alakunle

Moens

Nchinda

et al. 2020

Viruses

583

685

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Exploring computational approaches to design mRNA Vaccine against vaccinia and Mpox viruses

Oladipo,

Oyelakin,

Aiyelabegan

et al. 2024

Immunity Inflam & Disease

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BackgroundMessenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines emerged as a powerful tool in the fight against infections. Unlike traditional vaccines, this unique type of vaccine elicits robust and persistent innate and humoral immune response with a unique host cell‐mediated pathogen gene expression and antigen presentation.MethodsThis offers a novel approach to combat poxviridae infections. From the genome of vaccinia and Mpox viruses, three key genes (E8L, E7R, and H3L) responsible for virus attachment and virulence were selected and employed for designing the candidate mRNA vaccine against vaccinia and Mpox viral infection. Various bioinformatics tools were employed to generate (B cell, CTL, and HTL) epitopes, of which 28 antigenic and immunogenic epitopes were selected and are linked to form the mRNA vaccine construct. Additional components, including a 5′ cap, 5′ UTR, adjuvant, 3′ UTR, and poly(A) tail, were incorporated to enhance stability and effectiveness. Safety measures such as testing for human homology and in silico immune simulations were implemented to avoid autoimmunity and to mimics the immune response of human host to the designed mRNA vaccine, respectively. The mRNA vaccine's binding affinity was evaluated by docking it with TLR‐2, TLR‐3, TLR‐4, and TLR‐9 receptors which are subsequently followed by molecular dynamics simulations for the highest binding one to predict the stability of the binding complex.ResultsWith a 73% population coverage, the mRNA vaccine looks promising, boasting a molecular weight of 198 kDa and a molecular formula of C8901H13609N2431O2611S48 and it is said to be antigenic, nontoxic and nonallergic, making it safe and effective in preventing infections with Mpox and vaccinia viruses, in comparison with other insilico‐designed vaccine for vaccinia and Mpox viruses.ConclusionsHowever, further validation through in vivo and in vitro techniques is underway to fully assess its potential.

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