Remineralization of desalinated water: Methods and environmental impact

Lesimple, Alain; Ahmed, Farah Ejaz; Hilal, Nidal

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2020.114692

Cited by 41 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…A transition to desalinated water as the primary source of drinking water also raises a number of potential health concerns. Notably, desalinated water is lacking in certain minerals, such as magnesium, considered essential for human health 21,22 . The longterm consequences of consuming water that does not contain these elements are unknown 21,22 .…”

Section: Discussion Expansion Of Desalinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of population growth on Israel’s demand for desalinated water

et al. 2022

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In 2005, Israel began using desalination to augment limited natural water supplies. While desalination has helped Israel overcome chronic water shortages, high-population growth may test this approach. We examine how three population growth scenarios (low, medium, high) could affect water demand and supply by 2065. Our projections show that Israel will need to desalinate as much as 3.7 billion m3 annually, compared to 0.5 billion m3 in 2020. Meeting this demand could require the construction of 30 new desalination units. The effects of population growth on Israel’s water supply are likely to dwarf those of climate change. Increased desalination would, however, increase electricity demand, requiring over 11 TWh electricity annually. Population growth is also likely to challenge Israel’s wastewater management policies, producing more effluent than farmers will have the capacity to consume. The Israeli experience will provide important lessons for regions facing similar pressures.

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Section: Discussion Expansion Of Desalinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of population growth on Israel’s demand for desalinated water

et al. 2022

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“…Other sources such as meat processing and municipal wastewater would require disinfection (e.g., Cl 2 ). 236,237 The main challenge with chemical additives is the cost of transportation; it was recently estimated as $2.53/ton-mile via railcar (i.e., the most efficient transportation method). 238 In analyzing the Salinas Valley Reclamation Project (SVRP) using the Water-TAP3 tool, the post-treatment chlorination step accounted for seven percent of the levelized cost of water and five percent of the electricity demand.…”

Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Agriculture Sector Technology Roadmap 2021

Dionysiou¹,

Katz²,

Xu³

et al. 2021

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Cost metrics can include levelized costs of water treatment as well as individual cost components, such capital or operations and maintenance (O&M) costs. Energy PerformanceEnergy performance metrics can include the total energy requirements of the water treatment process, the type of energy required (e.g., thermal vs. electricity), embedded energy in chemicals and materials, and the degree to which alternative energy resources are utilized. Water Treatment PerformanceWater treatment performance metrics can include the percent removal of various contaminants of concern and the percent recovery of water from the treatment train. Human Health and Environment ExternalitiesExternality metrics can include air emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, waste streams, societal and health impacts, land-use impacts. Process AdaptabilityProcess adaptability metrics can include the ability to incorporate variable input water qualities, the ability to incorporate variable input water quantity flows, the ability to produce variable output water quality, and the ability to operate flexibly in response to variable energy inputs.

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“…12,13 Therefore, further progress in SW desalination requires new innovative operational approaches and process designs. 2,5 In recent years, progress has been made in pretreatment, 11,14,15 post-treatment, 16,17 and recovering valuable minerals 18 and energy 19,20 from the RO retentate stream. In our previous work, 11 we introduced a new pretreatment approach, enabling energy-efficient single-step boron removal and reuse of CO 2 that was extracted from SW.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreasing Seawater Desalination Footprint by Integrating Bipolar-Membrane Electrodialysis in a Single-Pass Reverse Osmosis Scheme

Chaudhury

Harlev

Haim

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Reverse osmosis (RO) is currently the most costefficient method for seawater (SW) desalination; however, producing high-quality water with a low boron concentration typically requires a two-pass process, which increases the required area and chemical consumption. We propose a sustainable and economic pathway for boron removal in a single RO step, thus reducing the area footprint. At the same time, chemicals are produced onsite from the RO brine using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED), thus reducing the chemical footprint. We conducted BMED using natural and synthetic feed solutions and studied the acid and base production kinetics and electricity consumption to assess the feasibility. In terms of energy efficiency, the divalent cationic impurities in the feed are more detrimental than the anionic ones. We found that monoselective cation-exchange membranes are not efficacious in eliminating these, and hence, precipitation/nanofiltration before BMED is essential. As a BMED feed, the nanofiltered SWRO brine was the best option over SW or nanofiltered SW. Economical analysis shows that as compared to purchasing chemicals, BMED integration can reduce the process cost by 45%. In addition, the results point to the flexibility of the proposed design that increases its robustness toward fluctuation in chemicals and electricity prices.

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Remineralization of desalinated water: Methods and environmental impact

Cited by 41 publications

References 148 publications

Effects of population growth on Israel’s demand for desalinated water

Effects of population growth on Israel’s demand for desalinated water

National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Agriculture Sector Technology Roadmap 2021

Decreasing Seawater Desalination Footprint by Integrating Bipolar-Membrane Electrodialysis in a Single-Pass Reverse Osmosis Scheme

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