Average age and size at first reproduction are important demographic parameters used in the management and conservation of populations. For sea turtles, absolute values for these parameters are still ambiguous, as most species are slow-growing, late-maturing migrants which are rarely encountered during the first 1 to 2 decades of their lives. Additionally, growth is significantly influenced by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors which make it difficult to describe age−size relationships. Extensive notching (mutilation-tagging) of South African loggerhead turtles was used to determine age and size at reproduction (putative first nesting season), and thus to identify the trigger for sexual maturation. To date, 137 clearly identified notched adult females have been encountered at the nesting beach. A Gaussian and log-normal distribution were fitted to the age distribution data but only the Gaussian distribution can be used to safely estimate age at first observation, as the right part ('older ages') of the distribution is still unknown. The estimated age at first observation was corrected for the possibility that a female was not encountered during her first nesting season. Results indicate an average age of 36.2 ± SD 7.71 yr (95% CI 28.2 to 44.3 yr) with a straight carapace length (SCL min ) of 83.7 ± 4.15 cm (95% CI 83.0 to 84.4 cm). It was concluded that size is a more important threshold for the initiation of the maturation process than age and that the onset of sexual maturity is dependent on intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
KEY WORDS: Age and size at reproduction · Loggerhead turtle · Mutilation tagging
Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherEndang Species Res 23: [167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175] 2014 extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors that affect the growth rate in sea turtles include species, genotype, health status and sex (Chaloupka & Limpus 1997, Van Dam 1999, Heppell et al. 2003. Extrinsic factors that regulate growth rate are, for example, water temperature, food quality and food availability (Parker 1929, Bjorndal et al. 2003, Balazs & Chaloupka 2004. These factors are easy to regulate in captive studies but are often highly variable and difficult to measure under natural conditions (Mendonca 1981) as sea turtles migrate over thousands of kilometres and experience large habitat variations that additionally affect their growth rate (Musick & Limpus 1997, Casale et al. 2007, Koch et al. 2007). The variability in growth rate has already been documented in different species and several populations. Green turtles from the Hawaiian archipelago (Balazs & Cha loupka 2004) and the southern Great Barrier Reef grow at different rates due to differences in food quality and availability, as well as in sea surface temperatures of their foraging grounds. Furthermore, Hughes (1974) and Bjorndal et al. (2003) found that compensatory growth (accelerated growth) appears in juvenile sea turtles when they move from a suboptimal environment to b...