Remembering and forgetting.

White, K. Geoffrey

doi:10.1037/13937-018

Cited by 25 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…The rapid decline in log d over delay intervals lasting several seconds in the present study is consistent with numerous DMTS studies in pigeons (for a recent review see White, 2013), rats (Harper et al, 2005), nonhuman primates (Wright, Urcuioli, and Sands, 1986), and humans (Williams, Johnston, and Saunders, 2006). Furthermore, log d showed a consistent delay interval-dependent decrease across repeated tests and typically decreased to near chance levels within 10 seconds.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Most preclinical procedures for examining the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of working memory utilize a variant of the delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) procedure (e.g., Blough, 1959; for review, see White, 2013). For example, a subject is required to choose among two comparison stimuli, one of which is physically identical to the sample stimulus presented previously in the trial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of environmental and pharmacological manipulations on a novel delayed nonmatching-to-sample ‘working memory’ procedure in unrestrained rhesus monkeys

Hutsell

Banks

2015

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Background Working memory is a domain of ‘executive function.’ Delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMTS) procedures are commonly used to examine working memory in both human laboratory and preclinical studies. New Method The aim was to develop an automated DNMTS procedure maintained by food pellets in rhesus monkeys using a touch-sensitive screen attached to the housing chamber. Specifically, the DNMTS procedure was a 2-stimulus, 2-choice recognition memory task employing unidimensional discriminative stimuli and randomized delay interval presentations. Results DNMTS maintained a delay-dependent decrease in discriminability that was independent of the retention interval distribution. Eliminating reinforcer availability during a single delay session or providing food pellets before the session did not systematically alter accuracy, but did reduce total choices. Increasing the intertrial interval enhanced accuracy at short delays. Acute Δ9-THC pretreatment produced delay interval-dependent changes in the forgetting function at doses that did not alter total choices. Acute methylphenidate pretreatment only decreased total choices. Comparison with existing methods All monkeys were trained to perform NMTS at the 1 s training delay within 60 days of initiating operant touch training. Furthermore, forgetting functions were reliably delay interval-dependent and stable over the experimental period (~6 months). Conclusions Consistent with previous studies, increasing the intertrial interval improved DNMTS performance, whereas Δ9-THC disrupted DNMTS performance independent of changes in total choices. Overall, the touchscreen-based DNMTS procedure described provides an efficient method for training and testing experimental manipulations on working memory in unrestrained rhesus monkeys.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of environmental and pharmacological manipulations on a novel delayed nonmatching-to-sample ‘working memory’ procedure in unrestrained rhesus monkeys

Hutsell

Banks

2015

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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“…The effects of delay and coding Typical studies show slower or less likely formation of conditional discriminations with increasing delay (White 2013). In the present experiment, the opposite occurred with the acquisition of the baseline relations.…”

Section: Effects Of Identity And/or Delay Functionsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Identity and Delay Functions of Meaningful Stimuli: Enhanced Equivalence Class Formation

2014

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The inclusion of a meaningful stimulus in a set of abstract stimuli enhances the likelihood of forming an equivalence class with the set. Class enhancement effects can be due to the discriminative, conditional discriminative, and class-based behavioral functions served by the meaningful stimulus. This experiment determined whether acquisition of an identity conditional discriminative function by an abstract stimulus enhances the formation of an equivalence class of which it is a member along with other abstract stimuli. Forty adults attempted to form 3 three-node five-member equivalence classes (A→B→C→D→E) using the simultaneous protocol. In the PIC group, the C stimuli were pictures and the A, B, D, and E stimuli were abstract shapes. In the ABS group, all of the stimuli were abstract shapes. In the Id-S-MTS (identity simultaneous matching-to-sample) and Id-6sD-MTS (identity 6 s delayed matching-to-sample) groups, prior to class formation, identity conditional discriminations were formed with the C stimuli using simultaneous or 6 s delayed matching-to-sample procedures, respectively. Classes were formed by 80 and 60 % of participants in the PIC and delayed identity groups, and by 0 and 10 % of participants with no prior training (ABS group) or after forming identity relations on a simultaneous basis. These outcomes were confirmed with post class formation sorting tests. Thus, a portion of the class enhancing effects of meaningful stimuli can be attributed to their presumed delayed identity conditional discriminative function. Adventitious coding or mediating behavior during identity training might have influenced acquisition of baseline relations and likelihood of class formation.

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“…A DMTS task is a variation of the MTS task in which the presentations of the sample stimulus and comparison stimuli are separated in time by a delay interval. Increasing the duration of the delay interval reliably decreases discriminability (e.g., White, 1985White, , 2001White, , 2013. In several studies, the reinforcer ratio was manipulated at each of several delay intervals, and the most common outcome was that sensitivity increased as discriminability decreased (Alsop & Davison, 1991;Jones & White, 1992;White & Wixted, 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Performance on a Signal Detection Task: Discriminability and Sensitivity to Reinforcement

Everly

2016

Psychol Rec

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Ten human participants worked on a computerbased discrete-trials signal detection task in which stimulus disparity and the ratio of reinforcers for correct responses were manipulated. During each trial, a 12 × 12 stimulus array consisting of an unequal number of randomly arranged circles and squares was presented. Participants responded by indicating whether the stimulus contained more circles or more squares. Two levels of stimulus disparity, high and low, were arranged by changing the numbers of circles and squares in the stimulus. At both levels of disparity, the ratio of reinforcers for correct circle and square responses was varied across 5 different levels ranging from 1:9 to 9:1. Reinforcers were assigned using a controlled reinforcer procedure that held obtained reinforcer ratios close to the programmed ratios. For all participants, discriminability was higher when the stimulus disparity was high but was not affected by changes in the reinforcer ratio. Response bias varied as a function of the reinforcer ratio. Estimates of the sensitivity of bias to changes in the reinforcer ratio varied with changes in disparity; however, the variations were typically small and their direction differed across participants. These findings are consistent with previous human research (Gallagher & Alsop, showing that when a controlled reinforcer procedure is used, bias and sensitivity are independent of discriminability.

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Remembering and forgetting.

Cited by 25 publications

References 127 publications

Effects of environmental and pharmacological manipulations on a novel delayed nonmatching-to-sample ‘working memory’ procedure in unrestrained rhesus monkeys

Effects of environmental and pharmacological manipulations on a novel delayed nonmatching-to-sample ‘working memory’ procedure in unrestrained rhesus monkeys

Identity and Delay Functions of Meaningful Stimuli: Enhanced Equivalence Class Formation

Human Performance on a Signal Detection Task: Discriminability and Sensitivity to Reinforcement

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