Remediation of soil and water contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon: A review

Application of Biosurfactants and Pulsating Electrode Configurations as Potential Enhancers for Electrokinetic Remediation of Petrochemical Contaminated Soil

“…The petroleum industry has been a great contributor to environmental pollution in the last three decades due to the negative effects it poses to the environment [1]. Petrochemicals are usually composed of petroleum hydrocarbons which are made up of alkanes, cycloalkanes, benzene, toluene, xylenes, phenols, and various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [1]. The greatest concern regarding contamination by these hydrocarbons lies in their mutagenic, carcinogenic, and toxic characteristics [2].…”

“…Due to difficulties related to the removal of petrochemical contaminants, numerous methods have been studied and reported regarding remediation of soil contaminated with oil [1]. Considering a variety of improvements made in different remediation methods, some of the methods have now been reported to be effective, but a variety of challenges have still been associated with those methods nevertheless [1].…”

“…Due to difficulties related to the removal of petrochemical contaminants, numerous methods have been studied and reported regarding remediation of soil contaminated with oil [1]. Considering a variety of improvements made in different remediation methods, some of the methods have now been reported to be effective, but a variety of challenges have still been associated with those methods nevertheless [1]. For example, the use of advanced oxidation processes have been reported to alter soil properties by increasing soil acidity, producing more toxic products, and involving high consumption of energy [6].…”

“…For example, the use of advanced oxidation processes have been reported to alter soil properties by increasing soil acidity, producing more toxic products, and involving high consumption of energy [6]. Biological treatment methods such as bioremediation, bioattenuation, bioaugmentation, biostimulation, bioventing, and biosparging require long treatment periods to achieve satisfactory decontamination, are inefficient in saline soils, and are only suitable for the treatment of soil contaminated with low molecular weight petroleum hydrocarbons [1]. Chemical treatment methods have issues to do with toxicity and biodegradability of chemicals used to contain, sequester, precipitate, concentrate, separate, and remove contaminants from the polluted soil [7].…”

Ecological risk assessment (ERA) based on contaminated groundwater to predict potential impacts to a wetland ecosystem

“…However, it depends of several factors, such as (i) amount of the spill, (ii) physicochemical characteristics of the LNAPL and soil, (iii) soil biological proprieties and (iv) environmental conditions (weather, rain, groundwater level) (Kuppusamy et al 2020;Logeshwaran et al 2018). Exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons causes several toxicological responses to exposed organisms, including carcinogenicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity, among others (Logeshwaran et al 2018;Braun et al 2019;Ossai et al 2020;Akinola et al 2020;Kuppusamy et al 2020). In addition to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, the presence of metals and trace elements, even at low concentrations in the environment, can cause toxic effects to human and environmental health, as reported by several previous studies (Wu et al 2016;Araujo et al 2019;Vardhan et al 2019).…”