Remarks on the current quality of groundwater in Vietnam

Luu, Tran Le

doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9631-z

Cited by 50 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…However, poorly planned and/or maintained dikes are not only functionally ineffective against floodwaters or coastal surges; they may also become an amplifier of destruction when their presence creates a false sense of security which results in intensive development of low-lying areas (Mai et al, 2009;. In addition, areas unprotected by dikes may be more vulnerable to flooding as the excess water has to flow somewhere.…”

Section: Dikesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interacting effects of land-use change and natural hazards on rice agriculture in the Mekong and Red River deltas in Vietnam

Yuen

Hanh

Quynh³

et al. 2021

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Vietnam is a major rice producer, and much of the rice grown is concentrated in the Red River Delta (RRD) and the Mekong River Delta (MRD). While the two deltas are highly productive regions, they are vulnerable to natural hazards and the effects of human-induced environmental change. To show that the processes and issues affecting food security are reinforcing, interdependent and operating at multiple scales, we used a systems-thinking approach to represent the major linkages between anthropogenic land-use and natural hazards and elaborate on how the drivers and environmental processes interact and influence rice growing area, rice yield and rice quality in the two deltas. On a local scale, demand for aquaculture and alternative crops, urban expansion, dike development, sand mining and groundwater extraction decrease rice production in the two deltas. Regionally, upstream dam construction impacts rice production in the two deltas despite being distally situated. Separately, the localized natural hazards that have adversely affected rice production include droughts, floods and typhoons. Outbreaks of pests and diseases are also common. Climate-change-induced sea level rise is a global phenomenon that will affect agricultural productivity. Notably, anthropogenic developments meant to improve agricultural productivity or increase economic growth can create many unwanted environmental consequences such as an increase in flooding, saltwater intrusion and land subsidence, which in turn decreases rice production and quality. In addition, natural hazards may amplify the problems created by human activities. Our meta-analysis highlights the ways in which a systems-thinking approach can yield more nuanced perspectives to tackle “wicked” and interrelated environmental challenges. Given that deltas worldwide are globally significant for food production and are highly stressed and degraded, a systems-thinking approach can be applied to provide a holistic and contextualized overview of the threats faced in each location.

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Section: Dikesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interacting effects of land-use change and natural hazards on rice agriculture in the Mekong and Red River deltas in Vietnam

Yuen

Hanh

Quynh³

et al. 2021

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…In addition, deep groundwater extraction causes interbedded clays to compact and expel water containing dissolved As or As mobilizing solutes which are transferred into deep aquifer (Erban et al, 2013). Similarly, groundwater in the Red River Delta is also contaminated with high levels of As due to reductive dissolution of As from iron oxyhydroxides in buried sediment (Berg et al, 2007;Luu, 2019).…”

Section: Interactive Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to Reviewer 1

Yuen¹

2020

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We thank Reviewer 1 for taking the time to critically evaluate our manuscript and for providing constructive comments to improve our paper. Below, we reproduce all the comments that we have received from the reviewers and detail how we will address them in the revised version of our manuscript. Reference details for the citations used in our responses are provided as a list at the end of this document. General comments My overall general criticisms are: 1. That more information/data/evidence is needed C1 NHESSD Interactive comment Printer-friendly version Discussion paper in support of the factors and processes that might impact rice cultivation on the two deltas investigated. At present there is mention of salt intrusion, erosion, sediment extraction, deltaic subsidence, fluvial sediment capture by dams, contamination, loss of soil quality, sea-level rise and increasing frequency/intensity of hazards. All of these are no doubt important for the long term sustainability of the MRD and RRD. But at the moment various statements by the authors about the relative importance of these processes need better grounding. There needs to be inclusion of published data where available, in order to help firm up the main arguments in the discussion. I fully understand that the overarching aim of the paper is to enable visualisation on how all the various influences are connected. But additional data from the literature are nonetheless still needed for proper substantiation. 2. Many minor grammatical errors need correcting throughout the manuscript. 3. Figures 2 and 3 need rethinking and should be improved. The case studies in support of the factors and processes that might impact rice cultivation in the two deltas were provided in the supplementary materials. However, we agree with the Reviewer that we should include this information in the manuscript to support our arguments. We will work on including some of the case studies listed in the supplementary materials in the main text. In addition, we will fix the minor grammatical errors throughout the manuscript. Lastly, we agree that Figures 2 and 3 can be improved. We have worked on improving them based on the Reviewer's specific comments. Specific comments Specific comments and recommendations are listed as below. These are in order as they appear in the manuscript. I trust that the authors will not feel these are unnecessarily critical, but are offered in the spirit of improving the paper for eventual publication.

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“…3 dissolution of As-rich iron oxyhydroxides that occur as dispersed phases in the aquatic rocks [8,17]. The efficiency in removing As from groundwater by coprecipitation depends on the Fe/As ratio -the higher the Fe/As ratio the better the removal efficiency [8].…”

Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removing arsenic from water by coprecipitation with iron: Effect of arsenic and iron concentrations and adsorbent incorporation

et al. 2019

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equations were developed relating the GAC dose requirement to the initial As and Fe concentrations. Zeta potential data revealed that As was adsorbed on the GAC by outersphere complexation whereas Fe was adsorbed by inner-sphere complexation reversing the negative charge on GAC to positive values. X-ray diffraction of the GAC samples in the presence of Fe had an additional peak characteristic of ferrihydrite (Fe oxide) compared to that of the GAC sample without Fe. The study showed that incorporating an adsorbent into the coprecipitation process has the advantage of removing As from waters at all concentrations of Fe and As compared to coprecipitation alone which does not remove As to the required levels if Fe concentration is low.

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Remarks on the current quality of groundwater in Vietnam

Cited by 50 publications

References 36 publications

Interacting effects of land-use change and natural hazards on rice agriculture in the Mekong and Red River deltas in Vietnam

Interacting effects of land-use change and natural hazards on rice agriculture in the Mekong and Red River deltas in Vietnam

Response to Reviewer 1

Removing arsenic from water by coprecipitation with iron: Effect of arsenic and iron concentrations and adsorbent incorporation

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