Remarks by John Williamson

Williamson, John

doi:10.1017/s0272503700075145

Cited by 3 publications

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“…We report here the first example of two independent Ty transpositions to the same target site. In the other cases of independent Ty transpositions, Ty integration occurred in promoter regions [15] rich in (A+T) content, but preferential sites were never found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It has been proposed that transcription of Ty elements and transcription of Ty adjacent genes are coordinately regulated [40]. Transcription of Ty elements and adjacent genes is repressed in diploid a/@ strains and in strain that carry mutations at the $TE7, ROC1 or ROC2 loci [15,40]. Sequences homologous to simian virus 40 enhancer and to the diploid control site at MATE were found in Ty regions necessary for promoting Ty effects [41, 421.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all cases of Ty-enhanced gene expression, Ty is oriented in such a way that the Ty element and the adjacent gene are divergently transcribed. Also, it has been observed that increased amounts of RNA are made as compared to wild-type strains (reviewed in [15]). For the ADR3" mutants, it has been established that the 5' end of the transcript is not affected by the mutations [16].Ty elements consist of a central region of approximately 5 kb flanked by direct repeats of about 330 bp called delta (6).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Molecular characterization of transposable‐element‐associated mutations that lead to constitutive l‐ornithine aminotransferase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Degols

Jauniaux

Wiame

1987

European Journal of Biochemistry

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The cargB or CAR2 gene, coding for ornithine aminotransferase, was isolated by functional complementation of a cargB-mutation in Saccharornyces cerevisiae. It was used as a hybridization probe to analyse RNA and chromosomal DNA from four strains bearing cis-dominant regulatory mutations leading to constitutive, matingtype-dependent, ornithine aminotransferase synthesis. The four mutations appear to be insertions. Their size and restriction pattern suggested that they were transposable elements, Tyl . All were inserted in the same orientation with respect to the cargB gene. We cloned the cargB gene with its associated insertion from two constitutive mutants (cargB+Oh-l and cargB+Oh-2). We determined the sequence of the cargB 5' region from the wild-type gene and from the two mutated genes. The DNA sequences of the extremities of the two insertions were very homologous but not identical and were similar to previously reported Tyl element direct repeats (6). The same five-base-pair sequence, ATATA, was found at both ends of both Ty1 elements, indicating that both Ty1 were transposed to the same site. This site is located 11 5 base pairs upstream from the putative cargB coding region. The 5' end of cargB transcript as determined by S1 mapping was the same in the wild-type strain and in the four mutants. The cargB transcript was not detected in the wild-type strain grown under non-induced conditions, while under the same conditions it was present in all four mutants.In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the anabolic and catabolic pathways of arginine have been extensively studied at the genetic and biochemical levels [l-41. Ornithine aminotransferase, the second enzyme of the catabolic pathway, is encoded by the gene cargB (alternative designation CAR2 and car2 for the cargB-allele). This enzyme is regulated by two distinct inductions circuits. One, triggered by arginine or ornithme, controls arginase synthesis as well [l, 41. The second, triggered by allophanate, also regulates ureoamidolyase synthesis [5, 61. In contrast with arginase and ureoamidolyase, ornithine aminotransferase is not subject to nitrogen catabolite repression [7]. For each induction circuit, trans-acting regulatory elements were identified by isolation of recessive regulatory mutations [l ,6]. Cis-dominant mutations, strongly linked to the structural gene, were also found [l, 71. These mutations lead to the constitutive expression of ornithine aminotransferase. Curiously, the constitutive expression of four mutants (cargB+ Oh) is controlled by the constitution of the mating-type locus [8]. Constitutive synthesis is greatly diminished in diploid mutant strains that are heterozygous for the mating-type alleles MATa and MATa. However, full expression of the overproducing phenotype is observed in diploid strains that are homozygous for either allele at MAT. This type of behaviour has also been found for arginase (cargA+Oh) [4, 91, ureoamidolyase (durOh) They were all designated as ROAM (regulatory overproducing alleles responding to mating-type)...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Molecular characterization of transposable‐element‐associated mutations that lead to constitutive l‐ornithine aminotransferase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Degols

Jauniaux

Wiame

1987

European Journal of Biochemistry

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“…Regardless of the exact reasons for why states signed IIAs during this initial period (1959 to 1989), the motivation for the signing of IIAs during the boom of the 1990s seems distinct; and it is in this second period that we claim that an IIA bubble emerged. For the first 10 years of the second period, we see the fall of the Soviet Union and the aggressive diffusion of policies and ideas of liberalization, privatization, and democratization being disseminated through what has been coined the Washington consensus (Williamson, 1989). The Washington consensus constituted a range of policies developed by Bretton Woods institutions in the late 1980s and the early 1990s as part of an overarching strategy that would usher in a new era of globalization based on the liberalization of trade and capital.…”

Section: Table 1 the Iia Bubblementioning

confidence: 99%

Bursting Policy Bubbles: The International Investment Treaty Regime

2015

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The growth in the signing of international investment agreements (IIAs) in the period 1990 to 2009 can be characterised as an international public policy bubble. Like the rise of privatisation at the domestic level, the expansion of this international treaty regime was arguably premised on an over-estimation of the benefits of protection of foreign direct investment in light of available evidence. Yet, by the mid-2000s, the international investment treaty regime was experiencing an acknowledged legitimacy crisis and policymakers in many states began shifting course. After identifying this policy bubble, this paper aims to develop the literature on policy bubbles further by focusing on the reaction to a bubble. We firstly chart the nature of state responses to the IIA bubble by examining policymaker behavior through the prism of states both as principals (regime designers) and litigants (respondents in investment treaty arbitration). We secondly ask why some policymakers have burst (or deflated) the investment treaty bubble. In doing so, we argue that reactions are driven by either (1) an awareness of the disequilibrium or (2) a shift in the underlying equilibrium that exposes the original disequilibrium. Both of these shifts are dependent are changes in the rational choice (objective) and constructivist (perceived) calculations of costs and benefits. Here, we argue that exposure to litigation, in particular, has exposed the existence of disequilibrium while shifts in domestic ideological preferences and investment flows have changed the underlying equilibrium point.

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Analyseobjekt und Analyseinstrumentarium

Langschied¹

1993

Der Sparkassenverbund

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Remarks by John Williamson

Cited by 3 publications

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Molecular characterization of transposable‐element‐associated mutations that lead to constitutive l‐ornithine aminotransferase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Molecular characterization of transposable‐element‐associated mutations that lead to constitutive l‐ornithine aminotransferase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Bursting Policy Bubbles: The International Investment Treaty Regime

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