Remand in Custody as a Deterrent in Juvenile Jurisdiction

Kraus, J.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046914

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The results of this study indicate that, over the time period examined in this study, the imposition of a custodial sentence had no effect on risk of reoffending. These results are broadly consistent with those obtained by Kraus (1974, 1978, 1981), Apel and Sweeten (2010a) and Wooldredge (1988). The present study has an advantage over these studies in that it uses a broader range of controls, a larger sample of offenders, and a more sophisticated method for controlling for omitted variable bias.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Only four of the matching studies of juvenile reoffending reviewed by Nagin et al (2009) controlled for prior record, conviction offence type, age and sex. 1 Three of them were conducted by Kraus (1974Kraus ( , 1978Kraus ( , 1981. Kraus (1974) compared a sample of 431 juvenile offenders given a sentence of probation with a sample of 665 juvenile offenders placed in an institution.…”

Section: Prior Research On the Impact Of Incarcerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of custodial penalties on juvenile reoffending

McGrath¹,

Weatherburn

2012

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology

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This study uses propensity score matching to test the proposition that imprisonment deters future criminal activity among juvenile offenders. Using data from all court appearances of juveniles in the NSW Children’s Court (Australia) between 2003 and 2004 ( N = 6196), the reoffending of a group of young offenders sentenced to control (i.e. custodial) orders ( N = 376) was compared to a matched group of offenders receiving community-based sanctions. No differences were observed between the two groups. The young offenders given detention orders had a slightly lower rate of reoffending, but this difference was not significant. The results of this study indicate that, over the time period examined in this study, the imposition of a custodial sentence had no effect on the risk of reoffending.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Prior Research On the Impact Of Incarcerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of custodial penalties on juvenile reoffending

McGrath¹,

Weatherburn

2012

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology

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“…We next explain the details of the specific mechanics of how a precision matching dataset of prison and Community Control cases was created from the 144,416 cases on a step-by-step basis. The reason for a detailed explanation is because most prior studies examining the effect of imprisonment on recidivism using this methodology fail to explain the technicalities associated conducting precision matching (Kraus 1974(Kraus , 1978(Kraus , 1981Muiluvuori 2001;Savoainen 1968;Smith and Akers 1993; for an exception, see Petersilia et al 1986). 8 This is problematic since readers may not be able to assess the accuracy of the precision matching process and to assist those who seek to replicate or improve upon previously used methods.…”

Section: Precision Matchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impact of imprisonment on recidivism

2011

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Objectives There is debate about the extent to which imprisonment deters reoffending. Further, while there is a large literature on the effects of imprisonment, methodologically sound and rigorous studies are the exception due to problematic sample characteristics and study designs. This paper assesses the effect of imprisonment on reoffending relative to a prison diversion program, Community Control, for over 79,000 felons sentenced to state prison and 65,000 offenders sentenced to Community Control between 1994 and 2002 in Florida. Methods The effect of imprisonment on recidivism is examined within one-, two-, and three-year follow-up periods using Logistic Regression, Precision Matching, and Propensity Score Matching.Results Findings indicate that imprisonment exerts a criminogenic effect and that this substantive conclusion holds across all three methods. Conclusions The main contribution of this study is that various methods yield results that are at least in a similar direction and support overall conclusions of prior literature that imprisonment has a criminogenic effect on reoffending compared to non-incarcerative sanctions. Limitations and directions for future research are noted.

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“…administration in not significant. This is at¬ tributed to an immunological cross reactivity with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) like sub¬ stances secreted by the testis (Kraus 1978, Brauns¬ tein et al 1975). The view that the above substance is secreted by the testis could explain our finding that there is a significant correlation between seminal LH and sperm count.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of FSH, LH, Prl levels in blood and seminal fluid during long – lasting clomiphene citrate administration

Vrontakis

Milingos

Relakis

et al. 1983

Acta Endocrinologica

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Immunoreactive FSH, LH, and Prl in seminal fluid have been described by several authors. This observation has reasonably raised the question as to the source and the significance of these substances in the seminal fluid. Diffusion from the peripheral serum and active secretion by the seminal vesicles, prostate and the seminiferous tubules are the possible modes of entry of these hormones in seminal plasma.In order to elucidate the source of these substances we studied the changes of LH, FSH and Prl levels in blood and seminal fluid after clomiphene citrate administration. Clomiphene citrate is an antioestrogenic compound which is used in the treatment of normogonadotrophic hypofertile men and increases the levels of LH and FSH in peripheral serum by the stimulation of GnRH (Smith & Rodriguez \ p=n-\ Rigau 1974). Subjects and MethodsIn fourteen normogonadotrophic men with idiopathic oligospermia, clomiphene citrate (C.C.), 50 mg/day, was administered continuously for seven months. Before the treatment and each month during the C.C. administration semen analysis was performed. One hour after masturbation 10 ml vein blood was taken and LH, FSH and Prl were deter¬ mined in serum and seminal plasma by specific radioimmunoassays (Messinis 1981). ResultsAs shown in Fig. 1 the mean levels of FSH and Prl are significantly (p< 0.02 and <0.001 respec¬ tively) lower, while that of LH significantly (p< 0.001) higher in seminal fluid as compared to serum. The CC. treatment led to significant (p<0.01) increase in FSH levels in both serum and seminal fluid. The level of LH was significantly (p<0.01) increased only in the serum, whithout any significant increase in the seminal plasma, even after seven months treatment. The relative rise of FSH in serum was smaller (p<0.01) than in seminal fluid CC. administration did not cause any change in the Prl levels both in seminal fluid and serum. No significant correlation was observed between the concentration of LH, FSH and Prl in serum and seminal plasma, before or during CC. treatment (Tabi. 1). There were significant correlations (Table 1) between sperm count and seminal LH, seminal Prl and serum FSH. DiscussionThe basal levels of LH were higher, while those of FSH lower in seminal plasma than in serum.These results are in agreement with other authors (Dericks-Tan et al. 1978). The seminal Prl levels lowever, in contrast with other authors, were found significantly (p< 0.001) lower than in serum. This might be due to the fact that our study concerned oligospermic men, where the seminal Prl levels were

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Remand in Custody as a Deterrent in Juvenile Jurisdiction

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

The effect of custodial penalties on juvenile reoffending

The effect of custodial penalties on juvenile reoffending

Assessing the impact of imprisonment on recidivism

Changes of FSH, LH, Prl levels in blood and seminal fluid during long – lasting clomiphene citrate administration

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