“…Several primary or secondary neurodegenerative diseases as for example, Alzheimer's disease (AD; Grinberg et al, ), Parkinson's disease (Grinberg, Rueb, Alho, & Heinsen, ), progressive supranuclear palsy (Williams & Lees, ), multisystem atrophy (Ghorayeb et al, ), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Warabi, Hayashi, Nagao, & Shimizu, ) and multiple sclerosis (MS; Noseworthy, Lucchinetti, Rodriguez, & Weinshenker, ), can affect the BS or its substructures. During these diseases, progressive neurodegeneration of BS structures can result in dysphagia, dysarthria, autonomic dysfunction and other symptoms that influence not only the patient's quality of life but also survival (Grinberg et al, ; Kim et al, ).…”